Micronucleus analysis done for evaluation of DNA damage in cells upon exposure to nanoparticles: A: untreated control WAG cell; B: treated WAG cell; C: % micronuclei in binucleated WAG cells after exposure to different concentration of nanoparticles.

<p>Micronucleus analysis done for evaluation of DNA damage in cells upon exposure to nanoparticles: A: untreated control WAG cell; B: treated WAG cell; C: % micronuclei in binucleated WAG cells after exposure to different concentration of nanoparticles.</p

Comet assay analysis done for evaluating the DNA damage in cells upon exposure of nanoparticles; A: untreated WAG cell; B: nanoparticles treated WAG cell; C: % tail DNA observed in WAG cells after exposure to different concentration of nanoparticles.

<p>Comet assay analysis done for evaluating the DNA damage in cells upon exposure of nanoparticles; A: untreated WAG cell; B: nanoparticles treated WAG cell; C: % tail DNA observed in WAG cells after exposure to different concentration of nanoparticles.</p

Physical properties of investigated metallic nanopartciles.

<p>Physical properties of investigated metallic nanopartciles.</p

Photomicrograph of Gill cell line from <i>Wallago attu</i> (WAG); (A) Gill explant of <i>W</i>. <i>attu</i> (100X); (B) Cells of mixed morphology at paasage 5; (C) WAG cells at passage 40 (100X) (D) WAG cells at passage 40 (200X).

<p>Photomicrograph of Gill cell line from <i>Wallago attu</i> (WAG); (A) Gill explant of <i>W</i>. <i>attu</i> (100X); (B) Cells of mixed morphology at paasage 5; (C) WAG cells at passage 40 (100X) (D) WAG cells at passage 40 (200X).</p

Characterization of WAG cell line; (A) amplification of 16S and COI DNA sequence (Lane 1and 6:PCR negative control; Lane 2: COI gene from WAG cells; Lane 3: COI gene from W. attu muscle tissue; Lane M: 100bp DNA ladder; Lane 4: 16S rRNA gene from WAG cells; Lane 5: 16S rRNA gene from <i>W</i>. <i>attu</i> muscle tissue); (B) chromosome spread of WAG cells at passage 40; (C) Morphological characterization of WAG fibroblastic cell line by Vimentin-FITC (400X); (D) Transfection of WAG cells using EGFP vector (400X).

<p>Characterization of WAG cell line; (A) amplification of 16S and COI DNA sequence (Lane 1and 6:PCR negative control; Lane 2: COI gene from WAG cells; Lane 3: COI gene from W. attu muscle tissue; Lane M: 100bp DNA ladder; Lane 4: 16S rRNA gene from WAG cells; Lane 5: 16S rRNA gene from <i>W</i>. <i>attu</i> muscle tissue); (B) chromosome spread of WAG cells at passage 40; (C) Morphological characterization of WAG fibroblastic cell line by Vimentin-FITC (400X); (D) Transfection of WAG cells using EGFP vector (400X).</p

Cellular uptake of ZnO nanoparticles is shown with the help of Scanning Transmission Electron image which was confirmed with EDAX analysis at several regions within the cell.

<p>Nanoparticles inside the cells are marked with the arrows. Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl) etc. are the peaks observed for cellular components with Zn peak representing the presence of uptaken nanoparticles. The Cu peak is because of the copper grid used in the experiment.</p

Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers against nanoparticles exposure to WAG cell line.

<p>A: MDA Concentration of nanoparticle treated WAG cells; B: Protein carbonyl content of nanoparticle treated WAG cells; C: SOD Activity of nanoparticle treated WAG cells; D: Catalase activity of nanoparticle treated WAG cells; E: Total Glutathione content of nanoparticle treated WAG cells; F: Total Antioxidant capacity of nanoparticle treated WAG cells.</p