Genetic diversity and population structure of Barilius barna (Hamilton, 1822) in the sub-Himalayan Dooars region of West Bengal, India through Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Sequence analyses

The genetic diversity and the population structure of Barilius barna (Hamilton, 1822) wild population from the Teesta River were assessed through mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequence analyses. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity analyses revealed low level of genetic diversity in the B. barna wild populations, especially in the lower reaches of Teesta (Bholarhat). The genetic differentiation and gene flow between the two study sites were 0.08434 and 2.71, respectively. Tajima’s D, Fu and Li’s D and Fu and Li’s F analyses were used to assess population differentiation in the two study sites. Haplotype networking and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished the two populations from each other, as well as from other populations from other parts of the country. Nature and implications of the genetic and haplotype diversities among the populations are discussed. Phylogenetic analyses also indicated that the Gajoldoba population is genetically closer to north Indian river populations, than that to Bholarhat population

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Diacerein Loaded Microsphere by Spray Coating (Wurster Method)

Diacerein loaded microspheres were prepared by spray coating(wurster method) using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose as release retarding polymer with a view to manufacture sustained release drug delivery. Drug content in the microspheres was determined by HPLC assay followed by drug entrapment efficiency.  Shape and Surface topography of Diacerein loaded microspheres was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (.FT-IR), X-ray diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were done to establish drug polymer and other excipients compatibility and stability. Sustained release action was established by In-vitro release study. The result shows that Diacerein loaded microsphere using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose polymer can be a new addition in the field of pain management for the treatment of osteoarthritis.   Keywords: Microsphere, Diacerein, HPMC, Ethyl cellulose, Spray coating

Computer simulation of two continuous spin models using Wang-Landau-Transition-Matrix Monte Carlo Algorithm

Monte Carlo simulation using a combination of Wang Landau (WL) and Transition Matrix (TM) Monte Carlo algorithms to simulate two lattice spin models with continuous energy is described. One of the models, the one dimensional Lebwohl-Lasher model has an exact solution and we have used this to test the performance of the mixed algorithm (WLTM). The other system we have worked on is the two dimensional XY-model. The purpose of the present work is to test the performance of the WLTM algorithm in continuous models and to suggest methods for obtaining best results in such systems using this algorithm.Comment: 29 pages, 15 figure

Power-aware Traffic Grooming in WDM Optical Mesh Networks for Bandwidth Wastage Minimization: A Genetic Algorithm-based Approach

The cost of optical backbone network has increased nowadays. So we need to reduce this cost. One of the major contributory costs is the power consumed by the underlying network. Power may also be consumed by different network equipments viz. add-drop multiplexers (ADM), Network Interface Device (NID), Optical Network Terminal (ONT), electrical-to-optical-to-electrical (EOE) conversion etc. In this article we have only considered the power consumption by EOE conversion in a mesh network. We have proposed a genetic algorithm to minimize the EOE conversions needed for a mesh network to satisfy all the traffic requests for a given physical topology. We have also considered the amount of wavelength wastages for our solution and we have minimized these wastages below a user given value. The results have been demonstrated on two optical mesh networks

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analyses of Threatened Amblyceps mangois from Sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India Through Rapd and ISSR Fingerprinting

Amblyceps mangois or the “Indian torrent catfish” is a tropical, freshwater, hill-stream species that has ornamental-commercial value and has been included within the “Endangered” category in the list of threatened freshwater fishes of India. A total fourteen populations from the Terai and Dooars region of northern West Bengal, India were analyzed to study the genetic architecture of this species with the help of RAPD and ISSR markers. The observed number of alleles (S), Nei’s gene diversity (H) and Shannon’s information index (H´ or I) showed the highest values in the Teesta river system and the lowest values in the Mahananda river system. The UPGMA-based dendrogram and PCoA, based on RAPD and ISSR fingerprints, showed that the Mahananda and the Teesta river populations formed a group distinct from the remaining Jaldhaka river population. We further considered the fourteen riverine populations into nine groups according to the continuity of the water flow for SHE analysis. It was found that the three components, i.e. the pattern of diversity (H´), richness (S) and evenness (E), have varied and fluctuated across all fourteen populations from higher to lower altitude as the river flows downstream. AMOVA, PhiPT and genetic hierarchical analyses showed that a distinct hierarchical structure is present in Amblyceps populations in the study region. Low levels of genetic diversity/variation and genetic hierarchical structure with high genetic divergence were found in the present study as an indicator of the recent picture of threatened status of this species. This study is the initial attempt to characterize and evaluate the genetic architecture of the species from this region and there is a scope to manage the evolutionary significant units (ESU) for conservation purpose