2,4 Diklorofenoksi Asetik Asit’in Sazanlarda (Cyprinus carpio) Kritik Yüzme Hızı ve Hematoloji Parametreleri Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

2,4-D (Diklorofenoksi Asetik Asit) herbisiti klorlandırılmış fenoksi asit grubuna girmektedir. Halka açık alanlardaki çimlerde ve tarım arazilerinde, yol kenarlarında geniş yapraklı bitkilerle akuatik bitkilerin kontrolünde yaygın tercih edilir. Çok geniş bir yayılım alanı olduğu için insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; 2.4-D Diklorofenoksi asetik asit pestisitinin farklı dozlarının (0,35 mg/lt ve 0,70 mg/lt) sazan (Cyprinus carpio) balıklarında 7-14 ve 21. günlerde sub-lethal etkileri hematolojik parametreler [hemoglobin (HGB), hemotokrit (HCT), eritrosit (RBC), lökosit (WBC), trombosit (PLT), ortalama eritrosit hacmi (MCV), eritrosit başına düşen ortalama hemoglobin miktarı (MCH), eritrosit başına düşen ortalama hemoglobin konsantrasyonu (MCHC)] ve yüzme performansı analizleri ile araştırılmıştır. Hematolojik parametrelerden lökosit, trombosit, MCV ve MCHC değerleri için doz, zaman ve doz x zaman interaksiyon etkileri önemli olarak belirlenmiş (p lt;0,05) diğer parametreler için de ana varyasyon kaynakların etkileri önemli bulunmuştur (p lt;0,05). Kritik yüzme hızı sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde ise kontrol ve uygulama grupları arasında değişimlerin olduğu ancak bu değişimlerin önemsiz olduğu belirlenmiştir (p lt;0,05)

Promjene u razini ugljikove anhidraze i histopatologiji škrga i jetre kalifornijske pastrve nakon izlaganja klorpirifosu

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture and aquaculture. This study investigated its effects on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity and histopathology of rainbow trout gill and liver. The fish were exposed to 2.25 (25 % of 96 h LC50), 4.5 (50 % of 96 h LC50), and 6.75 μg L-1 (75 % of 96 h LC50) of chlorpyrifos for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. CA activity was measured in liver and gills and histopathological changes were examined by light microscopy. The most common liver changes at most of the chlorpyrifos concentrations were hyperaemia and degenerative changes. Gill tissues were characterised by lamellar hyperaemia, lamellar oedemas, clumping, cellular degeneration, hyperplasia, and lamellar atrophy. CA enzyme activity in the gills decreased at all concentrations at 48, 72, and 96 h after exposure to chlorpyrifos (p<0.05). Similarly, there was a time-dependent decrease in CA activity at all of the concentrations in liver tissues (p<0.05). The present study indicated that chlorpyrifos inhibits CA enzyme activity and causes histopathological damage in gill and liver tissues.Klorpirifos je organofosforni pesticid široke primjene u poljoprivredi i ribarstvu. U ovome radu istražili smo njegov učinak na aktivnost enzima ugljikove anhidraze te histopatologiju škrga i jetre u kalifornijske pastrve. Ribe su bile izložene klorpirifosu u koncentracijama 2,25 μg L-1 (25 % 96-satnog LC50), 4,5 μg L-1 (50 % 96-satnog LC50) i 6,75 μg L-1 (75 % 96-satnog LC50) tijekom 24, 48, 72 i 96 sati. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze mjerena je u jetri i škrgama, a histopatološke promjene promatrane su svjetlosnom mikroskopijom. Najčešće promjene u jetri pri većini koncentracija bile su hiperemija i degenerativne promjene. Na tkivu škrga primijećeni su hiperemija i edemi u škržnim listićima, sljepljivanje i degeneracija stanica, hiperplazija te atrofija škržnih listića. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze u škrgama smanjila se pri svim koncentracijama nakon 48, 72 i 96 sati izloženosti (p<0.05). Također je uočeno i smanjenje aktivnosti ugljikove anhidraze u jetri ovisno o duljini izloženosti pri svim koncentracijama (p<0.05). Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da klorpirifos inhibira aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze i izaziva značajna histopatološka oštećenja u škrgama i jetri

Alterations in Hematological Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Exposed to DDVP

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a sublethal dose (1.6 mg/l) of DDVP (dichlor- vos) on hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after 28 days of exposure. The DDVP caused increases in the red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, ery- throcyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin con- centration (MCHC). On the other hand, it decreased thrombocyte (Plt), hematocrit (packed cell volume), and mean corpuscular volume. The only statistically significant differences between exposed and unexposed fish were in white blood cell count and MCHC

Water Quality in Tortum Stream and its Tributaries (Erzurum/Turkey)

This study was undertaken with the aim of determining the effects of domestic waste and hydroelectric dams on water quality in the Tortum Stream and its tributaries. Water samples were taken monthly from nine sampling points of Tortum Stream and its tributaries between July 2012 and May 2013. Analyzed for temperature (°C), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), alkalinity, Ca, total hardness, sulfate (SO4), ammonia-nitrogen (N-NH3−), nitrite-nitrogen (N-NO2−) and nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3−) as well as total phosphorus (TP), total orthophosphate (TO), total iron and silica (SiO2) were carried out. Physical and chemical characteristics of Tortum Stream and its tributaries which were examined according to the Water Framework Directive and the Water Pollution Control Regulations. It can be said that the stream has a low water quality standard except for water temperature, dissolved oxygen and sulfate. The results showed that Tortum Stream and tributaries are under threat because of domestic waste, fertilizers and hydroelectric constructions

Alterations In The Hematological Parameters Of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss, Exposed To Cypermethrin

Rainbow trout were exposed to sublethal concentrations of the pesticide cypermethrin (1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 of the LC50, 0.0082 mg/l) for 21 days at 24-hour intervals. At the end of the exposure period, hematological parameters were investigated. As the concentration of cypermethrin increased, there were increases in red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscu- lar hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, thrombocyte count and erythro- cyte sedimentation rate. As the exposure increased, there were decreases in packed cell vol- ume, mean corpuscular volume and white blood cell count. Differences among treatments were significant (p<0.05) only for red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, thrombocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate when exposure rose from 1/8 to 1/2 of the LC50 concentration

Effects of 2,2-Dichlorovinyl Dimethyl Phosphate (DDVP) on Hsp70 Gene Expression in Rainbow Trout

2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) is used to control insects on crops, household, and stored products, and treat external parasitic infections in farmed fish, livestock, and domestic animals. Ectoparasitic copepods can cause severe skin damage in fish that may lead to death through osmoregulatory failure or infection by opportunistic pathogens. There is considerable uncertainty about whether or not DDVP is implicated in cancer, and the wider environmental con- sequences of its use. In general, and specifically in developing countries and fish farming, less hazardous alternatives are available. The present experiment studied the effects of DDVP at a daily dose of 1.6 mg/l for 21 days on the expression of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Hsp70 from control and DDVP-exposed fish was ampli- fied for 20-40 PCR cycling. After the fortieth PCR cycle, the Hsp70 level in mRNA was very low in the control fish and very high in the DDVP-exposed fish, with a statistical difference of p<0.01