A Comparative Analysis of Unicast Routing Protocols for MPLS-VPN

MPLS-VPN technology is introduced to provide secure transmission with minimum propagation delay. This paper presents a comparative analysis of unicast routing protocols for MPLSVPN enabled networks. The motive behind this analysis is to observe the consequence of unicast routing protocols on the performance of MPLS-VPN enabled networks and to choose most suitable routing protocol for such type of networks. To conduct the analysis, a test bed is established in GNS3 simulator. Three main unicast routing protocols i.e. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Routing Information Protocol (RIP) has been considered in this work. Round-Trip-Time, Jitter and Administrative-distance are used as performance measure metrics. The experimental analysis indicates that EIGRP is the most suitable protocol among the aforementioned protocols for MPLS-VPN

Effectiveness of Health Education to Improve Oral Care of Primary School Children in A Rural Community of Pakistan

Oral health is an integral part of human general health. “Oral health is the beauty of the oral cavity, which includes teeth, tissue and its supporting structure, the overall health promotion is necessary but focuses on oral health is most important, it is primarily aiming to prevent from oral disease by health education. Methods: A quasi- experimental, quantitative, before and after study design was conducted  among the students total (n= 56) in the primary school of Ali Raza Abad Raiwind Road Lahore, Pakistan from September 2018 to December 2018. The educational intervention involve four meeting about oral hygiene in which the researcher educate the students about poor and good oral hygiene, prevention of disease which are caused by poor oral hygiene and appropriate way of tooth brushing lead to good oral health. Results: A total of 56 children participated in the study, the majority of the participants were boys 41(73.2%). The mean before the educational intervention is 5.83 (Standard deviation 3.80) and after the educational intervention is 7.86(Standard deviation 3.36). The mean difference between the two mean is 2.01. There is a statistically significant difference before and after the educational intervention. The educational intervention is highly effective because the significant value is 0.00 Conclusions: The result of the study shows that oral hygiene can be improved by educational intervention and by proper techniques of tooth brushing. Keywords- Improve oral care. Oral health education. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-7-03 Publication date:March 31st 202

Study of Bondura® Expanding PIN System – Combined Axial and Radial Locking System

Bolted connections are widely used in parallel plates and flanged joints to axially lock using the preload generated by the tightening torque and to constrain radial movements of the flanges by the surface friction between mating surfaces. The surface friction depends on the micro-asperities of mating surfaces; under the influence of vibrations and other external radial loads, these asperities tend to deform over time, resulting in the failure of the connection. The Bondura expanding pin system presented in this article is an innovative axial and radial locking system, in which the failure of bolted connections due to radial movements is eliminated by relying on the mechanical strength of the pin system along with the surface friction. The present study describes an experimental design to verify the maximum possible preload on the axial-radial pin at different levels of applied torque. The article also provides a realistic comparison of the pin system with standard bolts in terms of handling axial and radial loads. With some alterations in the axial-radial pin system’s design, the joint’s capability to resist failure improved appreciably compared with the original design and standard bolts with higher preload. As a result, the estimated capability improvement of the joint against the connection failure due to the external radial load by the axial-radial pin is observed to be more than 200 % compared to standard bolts. Considering the pros and cons of both fasteners, i.e., axial-radial pin and standard bolts, a practical solution can be chosen in which both fasteners are used in a connection, and an optimized situation can be developed based on the working conditions.publishedVersio

On Orderings of Probability Vectors and Unsupervised Performance Estimation

Unsupervised performance estimation, or evaluating how well models perform on unlabeled data is a difficult task. Recently, a method was proposed by Garg et al. [2022] which performs much better than previous methods. Their method relies on having a score function, satisfying certain properties, to map probability vectors outputted by the classifier to the reals, but it is an open problem which score function is best. We explore this problem by first showing that their method fundamentally relies on the ordering induced by this score function. Thus, under monotone transformations of score functions, their method yields the same estimate. Next, we show that in the binary classification setting, nearly all common score functions - the $L^\infty$ norm; the $L^2$ norm; negative entropy; and the $L^2$, $L^1$, and Jensen-Shannon distances to the uniform vector - all induce the same ordering over probability vectors. However, this does not hold for higher dimensional settings. We conduct numerous experiments on well-known NLP data sets and rigorously explore the performance of different score functions. We conclude that the $L^\infty$ norm is the most appropriate.Comment: IJCAI 2023 Workshop on Generalizing from Limited Resources in the Open Worl

Association of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte and Platelet To Lymphocyte ratio with Blood Glucose Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

INTRODUCTION:                              Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Disorders of lipid metabolism are common in diabetes causing greater cardiovascular risks. Leukocytosis is a major marker of metabolic syndrome. Both neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are related to subclinical inflammation worsening the glycemic control. HbA1c is used as a marker of blood glucose regulation. OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the association of  neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio with blood glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.   METHODS: This comparative analytical study was conducted in Shifa  International Hospital on diabetic patients. Sample size was calculated as 62 by WHO sample size calculator .  Non randomized convenient sampling was used. Patients were divided into two groups according to HbA1c level taking 7% as cut off point. Full blood count, lipid profile and liver profile were carried out. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were calculated for categorical   variables. For quantitative normal and dispersed variables, independent student t and Mann Whitney U test were applied respectively. P Value less than 0.05 was considered significant.   RESULTS: Out of total 93 patients,33 (35.4 %) were males and 60(64.5%) were females. The mean duration of disease was 8.26  ± 5.8 years. NLR and PLR were elevated in patients having poor glucose control but that difference was not significant. Significant difference between the groups was found with random blood glucose. LDL, triglycerides , cholesterol ratio, ALT and AST were raised in patients having poor glycemic control.                              CONCLUSION:  Patients having poor blood glucose regulation have increased levels of   haematological and serological parameters posing greater cardiovascular health risks to patients with type 2 diabete

Association of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio with Fatty Liver in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Objective: To find the association between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio and fatty liver in type 2 diabetes.Methodology: This comparative analytical study was conducted at Shifa International Hospital on diabetic patients visiting falahee OPD clinics from June 2018 to June 2019.  Nonprobability convenient sampling was used. Patients were segregated into two groups according to fatty liver status as assessed by ultrasonography. Complete blood count, lipid profile and liver profile were done. Data was analyzed by using statistical package for the social sciences (spss) version 21. Descriptive statistics were calculated for categorical variables. Kolmogorov smirnov test was used to ascertain the normality of the quantitative variables. For normal and dispersed variables, independent student t and Mann Whitney U test were applied, respectively. P Value below 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Out of total 93 patients, 33 (35.4 %) were males and 60(64.5%) were females. Female patients had increased incidence of fatty liver as compared to males. The mean duration of disease was 7.61 ± 5.8 years with 68.8% prevalence of fatty liver. BMI was elevated significantly in patients having fatty liver. There was no significant association between NLR, PLR and fatty liver. ALT, LDL and Triglycerides were increased significantly in patients having fatty liver.Conclusion: Patients having fatty liver have more deranged levels of lipid profile and hematological parameters increasing the risk of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases

Fine-tuned CLIP Models are Efficient Video Learners

Large-scale multi-modal training with image-text pairs imparts strong generalization to CLIP model. Since training on a similar scale for videos is infeasible, recent approaches focus on the effective transfer of image-based CLIP to the video domain. In this pursuit, new parametric modules are added to learn temporal information and inter-frame relationships which require meticulous design efforts. Furthermore, when the resulting models are learned on videos, they tend to overfit on the given task distribution and lack in generalization aspect. This begs the following question: How to effectively transfer image-level CLIP representations to videos? In this work, we show that a simple Video Fine-tuned CLIP (ViFi-CLIP) baseline is generally sufficient to bridge the domain gap from images to videos. Our qualitative analysis illustrates that the frame-level processing from CLIP image-encoder followed by feature pooling and similarity matching with corresponding text embeddings helps in implicitly modeling the temporal cues within ViFi-CLIP. Such fine-tuning helps the model to focus on scene dynamics, moving objects and inter-object relationships. For low-data regimes where full fine-tuning is not viable, we propose a `bridge and prompt' approach that first uses fine-tuning to bridge the domain gap and then learns prompts on language and vision side to adapt CLIP representations. We extensively evaluate this simple yet strong baseline on zero-shot, base-to-novel generalization, few-shot and fully supervised settings across five video benchmarks. Our code is available at https://github.com/muzairkhattak/ViFi-CLIP.Comment: Accepted at CVPR 202

MaPLe: Multi-modal Prompt Learning

Pre-trained vision-language (V-L) models such as CLIP have shown excellent generalization ability to downstream tasks. However, they are sensitive to the choice of input text prompts and require careful selection of prompt templates to perform well. Inspired by the Natural Language Processing (NLP) literature, recent CLIP adaptation approaches learn prompts as the textual inputs to fine-tune CLIP for downstream tasks. We note that using prompting to adapt representations in a single branch of CLIP (language or vision) is sub-optimal since it does not allow the flexibility to dynamically adjust both representation spaces on a downstream task. In this work, we propose Multi-modal Prompt Learning (MaPLe) for both vision and language branches to improve alignment between the vision and language representations. Our design promotes strong coupling between the vision-language prompts to ensure mutual synergy and discourages learning independent uni-modal solutions. Further, we learn separate prompts across different early stages to progressively model the stage-wise feature relationships to allow rich context learning. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach on three representative tasks of generalization to novel classes, new target datasets and unseen domain shifts. Compared with the state-of-the-art method Co-CoOp, MaPLe exhibits favorable performance and achieves an absolute gain of 3.45% on novel classes and 2.72% on overall harmonic-mean, averaged over 11 diverse image recognition datasets. Our code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/muzairkhattak/multimodal-prompt-learning.Comment: Accepted at CVPR202