Different Approaches For Protein Engineering In Industrial Biotechnology

Protein engineering is the novel field which has wide applications from pharmaceutics, industry, commercial, laundry and research. It may apply rational design or non rational design or both. Site directed mutagenesis is a classical approach involving the protein folding principles and as such different techniques involving multidisciplinary research and broad knowledge is required involving biocomputing of complex data obtained from various sequencing projects and prediction of the future protein structure either chemically or genetically modified. Non rational mutagenesis or directed evolution involves random mutations in the gene encoding protein or shuffling the genes encoding different domains producing a random set of numerous large libraries of mutant proteins, using advanced technology the desired protein can be selected but the exact structure or changes may remain unnoticed

Molecular Bio-imprinting of Biocatalysts

Energy conservation is the cry of the day. Attempts are made all over the world to occupy and use energy reserves. Increased industrialization and mechanization has led to the depletion of natural energy reserves. Its unavoidable to search for renewable sources of energy, which may be not used now but can be used by future generations. We are using the expertise of our ancestors. Thus exploiting the nature and newer techniques in this area would yield the best results. Bio-imprinting is one of those techniques whereby chemical modification is done in order to achieve highly expressed protein which can be stored in its highly active form in the specific solvent

Incidance of Hepatitis B and C in Lady Health Vistor Students at Public Health Nursing School

Objective: To investigate prevalence of hepatitis B and C in lady health visitor students at Public health Nursing School Sahiwal.Material and methods: This study was done at Public Health Nursing School, Sahiwal, and Multan in May 2017. There are two classes of Lady Health Visitor (LHV) in the school, 50 students in each class. Total number of students is 100. Authorization for the study protocol was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Public Health Nursing School, Sahiwal, and informed consent was taken from the patients.  The students are admitted on FSc basis, from Sahiwal, Khanewal and Toba Tek Singh Districts, according to the seats allocated by Govt. to these districts on merit. All the students were included in study. Age of the students ranges between 18 to 24 years. They belonged to both urban and rural areas. Screening of students was done for HCV and HBV. They were educated regarding the mode of spread of HCV and HBV. They were advised to take preventive measures for their safety as well as the safety of patients while attending patients. Those who were not vaccinated for HBV were vaccinated. That whose test was Positive, there PCR was done and treatment started from the DHQ Teaching Hospital Sahiwal. Statistical analysis was performed of the data received through questionnaire form about age and other demographic information, and screening test which was done to identify the positive HCV and HBV cases. Computer software SPSS version 23 was used to statistically analyze the data. Results: All the students of the institution were included in the study. Among 100 students 11 were positive for HCV (11%) and 1 was positive for HBV (1%). Among these 12 cases only 1 was living in urban area and 11 were living in rural areas.Conclusion: Incidence of Hepatitis C is higher in Pakistan and is increasing due to lack of preventive measures. Hepatitis B and C have multiple transmission modes, there is special need to educate people in General and Health Care Professionals in particular to screen each and every patient and take necessary precautions to stop virus transmission. Special attention should be given to educate people in rural areas, including health care professionals, paramedic, quacks, beauticians and barbers. Keywords: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Health care workers, Lady Health visitors

Airport Policing in Pakistan: Structure, Training, and Issue

Airports are strategically and economically important installations of any country. Airports are the gateway of any country and any incidents at these gateways may harm the very aspects of a country in the comity of nations. What are the types of unlawful interferences that are faced by the aviation industry? The establishment as well as preparedness of the airport security force in Pakistan is described in the detail. The airports security is of prime importance in Pakistan because of the wave of terrorism and security situations all around the country. Airport Security Force (ASF) established in 1976, due to the 1960s and 1970s incident of terrorism in the aviation industry of the world. Security and Law and Order at the airports are maintained with the help of all the physical and electronic resources. ASF troops are well trained, equipped with latest equipment and having a reasonable deployment of female staff as well. Moreover, it has its own training academy to equip its soldiers with methods and techniques that how to protect this vital installation of aviation industry against any threat. During the recent attacks at Jinnah International airport Karachi and Peshawar airport the ASF troops exhibit their professional competence and valour by defeating the terrorists who wanted to hijack aircraft\u27s at the airports

In vitro Evolution and Engineering for Improved Ribozyme Polymerase Production

According to the "RNA World Hypothesis" the first self replicating molecule formed from the prebiotic chemicals is the ribozyme. A model compartmentalized self replicating system for ribozyme polymerases is designed and used to improve activity, fidelity and generality of the enzyme

Robust adaptive anti-synchronization control of multiple uncertain chaotic systems of different orders

The precise anti-synchronization control of uncertain chaotic systems has always remained an interesting problem. The anti-synchronization control of multiple different orders uncertain chaotic systems increases the complexity and enhances the security of the information signal in secure communications. Hence, it confines the hacking in digital communication systems. This paper proposes a novel adaptive control technique and studies the double combination anti-synchronization of multiple different orders uncertain chaotic systems. The proposed adaptive feedback control technique consists of three fundamental nonlinear components. Each component accomplishes a different objective; (i) stability of the closed-loop, (ii) smooth and fast convergence behaviour of the anti-synchronization error, and (iii) disturbance rejection. The theoretical analysis in (i) to (iii) uses the Lyapunov stability theory. This paper also provides parameters adaptation laws that stabilize the uncertain parameters to some constants. The paper discusses the simulation results of two representative examples of four different orders uncertain chaotic systems. These examples demonstrate anti-synchronization among hyperchaotic Lü, uncertain chaotic Shimizu Morioka, uncertain second-order nonlinear duffing, and uncertain parametrically excited second-order nonlinear pendulum systems. The computer-based simulation results certify the efficiency and performance of the proposed anti-synchronization control approach and compare them with peer works

Copy Number Variation in Forensic Science

Copy Number Variation (CNV) refers to duplication or deletion in the DNA sequence. Studying the pattern of these duplications or deletions can add value to forensic and population genetics. These can also be used for the study of genetic diseases and development of personalized medicine. Further research may improve the utilization and benefits of CNV in forensic investigations

Comparative predictive value of three prognostic markers--S-phase fraction, PCNA and mitotic count on axillary lymph node metastasis in carcinoma breast

Background: Axillary lymph node metastasis is the single most important prognostic factor in carcinoma of the breast. Therefore, prognostic markers that may reliably predict probability of lymph node (LN) metastases are of great value. This study was conducted to compare the predictive value of two novel prognostic / proliferative markers i.e. S-phase fraction (SPF) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in parallel with mitotic index. Methods: Data of consecutive cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) breast diagnosed from July 2003 to July 2004 at the section of the Histopathology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, were reviewed. A total of 112 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast with axillary LN sampling were selected. SPF was calculated by flow cytometry while PCNA staining was done by immunohistochemistry. Mitotic count was calculated according to modified Bloom and Richardson’s grading guidelines. Result: It was observed that the number of axillary LN metastases was increased with higher SPF (p value: 0.008). However no significant difference was found between the results of various categories of PCNA on axillary LN metastases (p value: 0.182) and mitotic count with axillary lymph node metastases (p value: 0.324). Conclusion: It was concluded that mitotic count and / PCNA alone cannot be used in predicting axillary LN metastases. SPF was found to be a more reliable marker compared to PCNA reactivity and conventional mitotic count in predicting axillary LN metastases