Xenograft Models for Preclinical Assessment of Anticancer Therapies: A Comprehensive Review

Introduction: Xenograft models play a pivotal role in preclinical studies for assessing the efficacy of anticancer medications. In this comprehensive review, we present an overview of current advancements and future prospects in xenograft research, focusing on their significance in guiding drug development and clinical translation. Aim: Our aim is to conduct an in-depth review of xenograft models, their utility in evaluating anticancer drug effectiveness and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Methods We conducted an in-depth literature search using databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and PubMed with keywords including "xenograft model, cancer CDX PDX." We then reviewed and analyzed relevant studies that utilized xenograft models in order to highlight key findings and contributions made through such models. Results: Our analysis showcases the essential role of xenograft models in assessing the efficacy of anticancer drugs. We discuss the benefits and limitations of these models, emphasizing their importance in guiding drug development and clinical decision-making. Conclusion: Xenograft models remain invaluable tools in preclinical cancer research despite their inherent limitations, with researchers continually striving to refine and enhance these models to ensure their reliability in an ever-evolving field of cancer therapeutics. Utilizing xenograft models allows researchers to evaluate anticancer drug activity more accurately while striving for improved patient outcomes

Parang Romang (Boehmeria virgata (Frost.) Guill.): Correlation of Phytochemistry with Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities

Secondary metabolites such as phenolic and flavonoid from the plant are essential in their activity, especially activities related to the prevention of oxidation and the inhibition of xanthine oxidase. One plant that is believed to have prevention of oxidation and XOI and correlates with secondary metabolites is parang romang. The purpose of this study is to assess the antioxidant capacity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of parang romang, and to examine their relationship with the TPC and TFC. Total phenolic and flavonoid were measured for all parts, and the DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods determined antioxidant capacity. The activity of xanthine oxidase inhibition was also assessed. Flavonoids, alkaloids, and coumarin were found in parang romang. The steroid/triterpenoid was found in the stem, leaves, and flower; saponin was in the roots and flower; quinone and tannin were only in the roots. The root gave the highest of TPC, while the flower had the highest TFC. The highest antioxidant capacity was found in roots, leaves, flowers, and stems. The highest xanthine oxidase inhibitory was given by leaves (9.74±0.14 µg/ml), followed by flower, steam, and rood. The correlation was shown between the phenolic and flavonoid quantities and the actions of antioxidants and xanthine oxidase inhibitors

Analisis Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif Antioksidan Parang Romang: Qualitative and Quantitative Antioxidant Analysis of Parang Romang

Antioxidants can be found naturally in plants, animals, and microbes, or they can be produced chemically. The selection of plants to find the new bioactive compounds are carried out through ethnobotany and chemotaxonomic approaches. One plant that can be developed as an antioxidant is parang romang (Boehmeria virgata). This study aimed to identify an antioxidant activity on the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of parang romang plant qualitatively and quantitatively. The parang romang plant used was obtained from Malino Regency, South Sulawesi. The roots, stems, leaves, and flowers were extracted using the reflux method and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Each part was analyzed for its chemical content and activity qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis was carried out with sitroborat, folin ciocalteu, DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC reagen, while quantitative analysis was carried out by spectrophotometry using the DPPH method. The roots, stems, leaves, and flowers were detected to contain phenolic, and flavonoid compounds and have antioxidant activity based on qualitative analysis. The antioxidant activity of parts of the parang romang plant is classified as strong to very strong, with an AAI value of 1.5 - 4.54. All parts of the plant tested have antioxidant activity.

Korelasi Kadar Fenol dan Flavonoid terhadap Indeks Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Batang Vernonia amygdalina: Correlation of Phenol and Flavonoid Content with Antioxidant Activity Index of Vernonia amygdalina Stem Extracts

Bitter leaf (in Africa) is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Vernonia which is the most prominent in the family Asteraceae that has been studied in Africa. African leaves have been widely used for traditional medicine and/or treating various human diseases. This study aimed to determine the bioactive compounds that correlate to the antioxidant activity of V. amygdalina stem. Extraction of V. amygdalina stem was carried out by reflux method. Determination of total phenol and flavonoid content was done spectroscopically. Antioxidant activity was measured based on antioxidant activity index (AAI) using DPPH and CUPRAC methods. Correlation coefficient between bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity using Pearson's correlation method. The results showed the antioxidant activity index of V. amygdalina stem showed strong to very strong activity. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest total phenol and flavonoid levels. The phenol and flavonoid content of V. amygdalina stem extract showed a strong and significant correlation to the antioxidant activity index with a positive r value Kata Kunci:         AAI, DPPH, CUPRAC, pearson’s correlation   Abstrak Daun afrika merupakan spesies yang paling banyak dibudidayakan dari genus Vernonia yang paling menonjol dalam famili Asteraceae yang telah dipelajari di Afrika. Daun afrika telah banyak digunakan untuk pengobatan tradisional dan/atau mengobati berbagai penyakit pada manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui senyawa bioaktif yang berkorelasi terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dari batang V. amygdalina. Ekstraksi batang V. amygdalina dilakukan dengan metode refluks. Penentuan kadar  fenol dan flavonoid total dilakukan secara spektroskopi. Aktivitas antioksidan diukur berdasarkan indeks aktivitas antioksidan (AAI) dengan metode DPPH dan CUPRAC. Koefisien korelasi antara senyawa bioaktif dan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode korelasi pearson’s. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan indeks aktivitas antioksidan batang V. amygdalina menunjukkan aktivitas yang kuat hingga sangat kuat. Kadar fenol dan flavonoid total tertinggi ditunjukkan pada ekstrak etil asetat. Kadar fenol dan flavonoid ekstrak batang V. amygdalina menunjukkan korelasi kuat dan signifikan terhadap indeks aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai r positif. Kata Kunci:         AAI, DPPH, CUPRAC, korelasi pearson’