COVID-19: A STIMULUS FOR RESHAPING THE WORLD ORDER

The rise and fall of great powers is a driving force of transition in international politics. The cycle of emergence and decline of superpowers continues as a principal source of evolution in the world order. The 20th century unveiled with Pax-Britannica as the axis of international politics, but some of the highly critical incidents allowed the US to entrench its global hegemony. Subsequently, at the twilight of the century, Pax-Americana transpired as the pivot of the global system. However, self-imposed hegemonic commitments, an obsession with manipulating the world system, and mania of supremacy embedded punitive challenges for Washington. The emerging powers eventually launched an enterprise to reshape the international system to multipolar world order, and the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has further stimulated such undertakings. This devastating global challenge may warrant a capable and committed player to undertake the assignment of resurrecting the international system and ascertain itself as a dominant global power, and China could be the strongest candidate. This study, therefore, aims to explore the dynamics of future world order and the abysmal impacts of COVID-19 on its transformation. The exiting hegemon seeks to maintain the status quo, while the emerging powers are striving to reshape the global system towards multipolarity.   Bibliography Entry Farooq, Hassan, and Muhammad Khan. 2020. "Covid-19: A Stimulus for Reshaping the World Order." Margalla Papers 24 (2): 29-45

SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION AND AFGHANISTAN: INTERESTS AND LIMITATIONS

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation has greater relevance in Afghanistan because of its strategic importance and geographic proximity. For years, the country has harboured numerous extremist groups and insurgents. It has remained a battleground for US-led coalition forces and the Taliban for about two decades. Despite efforts by the US and its allies, peace has yet to be restored in Afghanistan, and the responsibility now rests on regional countries. It is crucial for these states, especially Eurasian nations, to work together to stabilise the war-torn country and bring lasting peace to the region. Therefore, the study examines the push and pull factors of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation’s interests in Afghanistan and the challenges that come with implementing their peace plans. The data has been collected from various primary and secondary sources, including websites, newspapers and research articles. The paper also highlights two major concerns for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the economic crisis in Afghanistan and the international recognition of the Taliban government.   Bibliography Entry Khan, Hameed Ullah, Muhammad Farooq Shah and Muhammad Ilyas Khan. 2023. "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Afghanistan: Interests and Limitations." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 82-95

The sleep quality using Pittsburgh sleep quality index.

Good quality and enough sleep are necessary for the proper cognitive performance of medical students. There is a wide prevalence of sleep disturbances among Pakistani medical students and there is a need to spread awareness regarding the problems concerning sleep patterns. OBJECTIVE: To determine the quality of sleep among first and final year medical students. METHODOLOGY: It’s a cross sectional study conducted at Services Institute of Medical College Lahore from the 10th May to 15th June 2016.A total of 300 Male and female medical students of first and final year were administered PSQI and their socio-demographic profile along with academic performance was noted. The results were collected and analyzed in SPSS ver.21.0. RESULTS: Of the 300 students approached,63.67% were females and 36.33% were males. Overall, PSQI score \u3e5 (indicating poor sleep quality) was found to be 64.7%. The mean PSQI score among first year males was 7.68 with a standard deviation of 3.95 and among females was 7.47 with a standard deviation of 3.02. On the other hand, the mean PSQI score among final year males was found to be 6.97 with a standard deviation of 3.86 and among final year females was 5.65 with a standard deviation of 1.40. 69.7% of the males and 61.8% of the females were classified as poor sleepers

Comparative Analysis of Widely use Object-Oriented Languages

Programming is an integral part of computer science discipline. Every day the programming environment is not only rapidly growing but also changing and languages are constantly evolving. Learning of object-oriented paradigm is compulsory in every computer science major so the choice of language to teach object-oriented principles is very important. Due to large pool of object-oriented languages, it is difficult to choose which should be the first programming language in order to teach object-oriented principles. Many studies shown which should be the first language to tech object-oriented concepts but there is no method to compare and evaluate these languages. In this article we proposed a comprehensive framework to evaluate the widely used object-oriented languages. The languages are evaluated basis of their technical and environmental features.Comment: 30 pages, figures

The Teachers’ Loyalty and its Attributes: A Comprehensive Review

In the socio-economic development of every country, the education plays a significant role. In this regard, the higher education institutions (HEIs) are centers of academics where the people acquire skills in the various spheres of life. The HEIs are the main providers of educated and skilled personnel those who pursue their corresponding professions in the different sectors of economy. The nursery of these people must be nurtured by certain capable and highly experienced faculty which is the backbone of every higher education institution. In this regard, the teachers’ loyalty is the only factor behind the success of these academic institutions. The loyalty is the multi-dimensional phenomenon which originates from the employee’s empowerment, participation and socialization. All these three factors accumulatively makes a person loyal towards his/her institution which is a burning issue being discussed and analyzed by the both the employers and the employees. Keywords: Loyalty, Empowerment, Participation, Socialization, Teachers,

The Contributing Factors towards Employees’ Loyalty

The commitment and loyalty occupy considerable of the similar theoretical concepts. However, loyalty spread out further than the basic philosophies of commitment in two ways, first, the personal choice paradigm adopts the literature of commitment and an employee considers rational analysis alternatives to commit or not to commit to an institution. On the other hand, loyalty brings together a normative component into the association as it is generally described as a responsibility. Researchers concern themselves with measuring the extent to which employees feels commitment toward their institutions. Loyalty, however, suggests mutuality, while commitment is generally conceptually situated inside the individual, loyalty exist in further at the connection of a relationship. Individuals must accept a fluid approach, in the workplace, to evaluating the demands of loyalty as background and associations alteration. It is difficult if not impossible, without addressing this fluidity, to predict attitudinal or behavioral outcomes of individuals’ perceptions that others have been disloyal or loyal. The loyalty has received considerable attention from philosophers; it is, of course, not simply a philosophical abstraction. It is also a cognition held by a person to characterize his or her relationship with another person. Keywords: Loyalty, Empowerment, Participation, Socialization, Employee

The Determinants of Employee’s Loyalty in the Higher Educational Institutions

In the socio-economic development of every country, the education plays a significant role. In this regard, the higher education institutions (HEIs) are centers of academics where the people acquire skills in the various spheres of life. The HEIs are the main providers of educated and skilled personnel those who pursue their corresponding professions in the different sectors of economy. The nursery of these people must be nurtured by certain capable and highly experienced faculty which is the backbone of every higher education institution. In this regard, the teachers’ loyalty is the only factor behind the success of these academic institutions. The experimental part of the study was anchored on the theoretical framework derived from the literature. About the role of independent variables (empowerment, participation, socialization & demographic attributes), the empirical/field study has come up with surprising results. The loyalty (dependent variable) is significantly associated with the independent variables (empowerment, participation and socialization). In the current study, the correlations are coming as empowerment (p-value=0.000, r=0.481), participation (p-value=0.003, r=0.254) and socialization (p-value=0.000, r=0.416). In the process of regression, only empowerment has appeared as significant with R2 of 0.27 and p-value of 0.000. But, in process of stepwise regression, empowerment has been joined by socialization with significance of 0.031 and 0.000. Keywords: Loyalty, Empowerment, Participation, Socialization, Academicians, HEI