Fig 5 -

AFTCS performance for AFR control of IC engine (a) at 300 r/min (b) at 600 r/min.</p

Flowchart of proposed FTCS.

Flowchart of proposed FTCS.</p

Percentage error comparison for throttle estimation in proposed, LR, and GA.

Percentage error comparison for throttle estimation in proposed, LR, and GA.</p

Fig 4 -

Line fit plot for throttle estimation (a) 300 r/min (b) 600 r/min.</p

Values of unknown constants for MAP estimation.

Values of unknown constants for MAP estimation.</p

Throttle angle and MAP values at 300 and 600 r/min [32].

Throttle angle and MAP values at 300 and 600 r/min [32].</p

Architecture of Air-fuel system of SI IC engine [35].

Architecture of Air-fuel system of SI IC engine [35].</p

Percentage error comparison for MAP estimation in proposed, LR, and GA.

Percentage error comparison for MAP estimation in proposed, LR, and GA.</p

List of symbols and their description.

List of symbols and their description.</p

Actual and estimated MAP values and percentage errors.

Actual and estimated MAP values and percentage errors.</p