History of the Afghans in India, 1545-1631 A.D., with special reference to their relations with the Mughals.

In this thesis, an attempt has been made to study the history of the Afghans in India from 1545 to 1631 ; especial stress has been laid on their relations with the Mughals as, either as rulers or as vanquished, they had far-reaching contact with the latter. Chapter I discusses the origin of the Afghans, their settlement in India and their rise to the saltanate. Chapter II examines the nature of the Afghan monarchy, revealing its tribal character, the ascendancy of the chiefs and the conflict of two opposite political forces, the tribal independence and strong monarchy, in the saltanate. Chapter III discusses Islam Shah's kingship and administration comparing them with sher shah's and emphasising Islam's success. Chapter IV studies the reaction and the re-appearance of the conflict culminating in Afghan loss of Northern India. Chapters V-VI deal with the Afghan saltanate in Eastern India and its relations with the Mughals. Chapters VII-IX study the Afghan attitude towards their conquerors and the Afghani policy of the Mughal emperors, revealing Babur and Humayun's conciliation, Akbar's distrust and Jahagir's clemency and favours to the Afghans and also the rise of Afghan influence at Mughal court. Chapter IX shows the decline of the Afghan's position at Shah Jahan's court on account of Khan Jahan Ludi's rebellion and the Afghan abortive attempt to recover their sovereignty. Chapter X concludes the Afghan history in India by assessing the significance of Afghani rule and the place of the Afghan people in the general history of this country. The Bibliography contains an appreciation of the materials used in the thesis

Foreign Exchange Reserves: Bangladesh Perspective

This study is about foreign exchange reserves of Bangladesh. The main purpose of this study is to the influence of exchange rateson foreign exchange reserves to the Bangladesh context. Both the primary and secondary data has been used in this study. The primary data has been collected through a structured questionnaire from 50 respondents. The secondary data, namely Bangladesh foreign exchange reserves (FER), Bangladesh current account balance (CAB), Bangladesh capital and financial account balance (CFAB), and BDT/USD exchange rates (ER). This study covers yearly data from July 01, 1996 to June 30, 2005 and quarterly data from July 01, 2005 to June 30, 2012. Findings of this study shows that out of the selected 16 factors affecting foreign exchange reserves, exchange rates occupy the first position, weighted average score (WAS) being 4.56. Foreign exchange reserves (FER) and current account balance (CAB) have increased by 502.9087% and 1451.218%, whereas capital and financial account (CFAB) has decreased by -649.024% on June 30, 2012 compared to June 30, 1997. The influence of other factors held constant, as ER changes by 285.6894 units due to one unit change in FER, on average in the same direction which represents that ER has positive effect on the FER and this relationship is statistically significant. 62.1526 percent of the variation in FER is explained by ER. The outcomes of Breusch-Godfrey test (LM test), ARCH test, and the Normality test are that there is a serial correlation among residuals, the variance of residuals is not constant, and the residuals are not normally distributed

Mobile Banking: The Bangladesh Experience

This study is about the Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. Major objectives of this study are to give an overview about cost, usage and all other benefits of Mobile Banking as well as to produce a scenario of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. Both the primary and secondary data have been used for the study purpose.  The major findings of this study are 94% respondents think that it saves time than traditional banking, the highest number of respondents use Mobile Banking for ‘Air-time top-up’ service, out of 50 respondents 92% have replied it is less costlier than traditional banking, 100% respondents have agreed that it is speedy, and 100% respondents have opined any type of set can be used for Mobile Banking. Besides, 64% respondents have mentioned that DBBL plays a significant role in mobile baking sector, whereas 28% respondents have agreed that Bkash performs a vital role. Although this concept is new in Bangladesh but its potentiality is high and already it has started to contribute in the economy significantly. From this research, other researchers and policy makers will get an insight about the Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. Keywords:  M- Banking, Bkash, . ICTD, IBMC, SMS, NFC

Single-step synthesis of magnesium-iron borates composite; an efficient electrocatalyst for dopamine detection

© 2020 We have synthesized composite of magnesium-iron borates Mg2(X).Fe3(Y) (here; B2O5 = X and BO6 = Y), using a facile and single-step hydrothermal approach. Where, the synthesis of the composites can help not only to effectively utilize the properties of both i.e. magnesium borates (Mg2B2O5) and iron borates (Fe3BO6) in a single material but also making it thermodynamically more stable at higher temperatures as compared to the individual metallic borates. The as prepared heterostructured-composite was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermal gravity analysis (TGA) to confirm the morphology, crystallinity, composition, and thermal stability. Further, the composite was explored as a catalyst in the construction of a biosensor where it showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward dopamine (DA) oxidation. This study offers a clue to design a borates-based composite to be explored as an efficient electrocatalyst in the application of biosensing field

Ionic liquid tuned titanium dioxide nanostructures as an efficient colorimetric sensing platform for dopamine detection

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system, its lower or higher production results in various pathological disorders. Various nanoparticles systems have been used in the sensing of dopamine while in the present work ionic liquid tuned titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) was first time evaluated in colorimetric detection of dopamine. TiO2 NPs have been synthesized by hydrothermal process and analyzed by different characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD, and SEM that confirmed the desired synthesis. 1-H-3-methylimidazolium acetate (ionic liquid-a known conducting species) was prepared by the neutralization method. Colorimetric change in color from pinkish grey to reddish-brown with an increase in dopamine concentration was analyzed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. To optimize the protocol various parameters like nanoparticles loading, conc. of dopamine etc were optimized. The quantification and limit of detection for the proposed sensor were calculated as 2.55 × 10−7 M and 7.67 × 10−8 M respectively, and 1 × 10−8–3.6 × 10−6 M linear range with an R2 value of 0.9998. At an optimum temperature of 25 °C and at pH 12 the proposed sensor response time was just 4 min for dopamine detection. The proposed sensor has been also used for the dopamine detection in physiological solution. The proposed sensor showed good sensitivity and selectivity for dopamine sensing

Simultaneous enrichment & on-line detection of low-concentration Copper, Cobalt, & Nickel Ions in Water by Near-Infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

Sensitive detection of heavy metal ions in water is of great importance considering the effects that heavy metals have on public health. A developed fluidized bed enrichment technique was used to concentrate and detect low concentrations of Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ in water samples by near-IR diffuse reflectance (NIDR) spectroscopy (NIDRS) directly without using any chemicals or reagents. The NIDR spectra of adsorbent were measured on-line, and quantitative detection was achieved by applying a built partial least-squares chemometric model. Sensitivity and accuracy was improved significantly because large-volume mixture solutions were used in the enrichment process. Root mean square error of cross-validation values for Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ were 0.29, 0.41, and 0.35 μg/mL, respectively, with mean relative error values in the acceptable range of 6.56-10.27%. This study confirms the potential application of fluidized bed enrichment combined with NIDRS and chemometrics for the simultaneous detection of trace heavy metal ions in water, with low relative error

In situ immobilization of CuO on SiO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e/graphite matrix, modified with benzimidazolium-1-acatate ionic liquid: Application as catechol sensor

© 2017 Carbon ceramic material (SiO2/C) was prepared using the sol-gel technique. Copper oxide was in situ synthesized on the pores of the matrix, to ensure homogenous distribution of the electroactive species in the matrix pores. To enhance the conductivity of material, the SiO2/C/CuO was modified with benzimidazolium-1-acetate ionic liquid. The surface area (SBET 432.56 m2/g) and pore volume (0.90 cm3/g) of the material were calculated from BET analysis. SEM images showed compactness of materials, having no phase segregation within the magnification used. The structure of ionic liquid was confirmed using NMR and FTIR analysis. The electrodes as a pressed disk fabricated from SiO2/C, SiO2/C/CuO, and SiO2/C/CuO/IL materials were tested as an electrochemical sensor for catechol determination. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has revealed that the SiO2/C/CuO/IL-based sensor assists the charge transfer owing to electron rich density, resonance, and conductance of ionic liquid structural moiety. SiO2/C/CuO/IL electrode exhibits excellent sensitivity, linear response range and low limit of detection (LOD) of 712 μA μmol− 1 dm3 cm− 2, 0.2 mM–10 mM and 0.7 × 10− 8 mol L− 1, respectively. The sensor was also tested for the determination of catechol in real samples and gives very good results for its determination

Penetrating cardiac trauma: A retrospective case series from Karachi.

Penetrating cardiac trauma is a medical emergency that commonly affects young men throughout the world. A retrospective review of the records of all patients presenting with cardiac injury was done from January 2000 to December 2015 at our institute. There were 10 cases of such trauma, all of whom were males, 17 to 48 years of age. The most common mechanism of injury was gunshot wounds followed by stab wounds. The Mean Revised Trauma Score was 7.23±0.855. Only 2 out of the total 10 patients died (20% mortality). The Right Ventricle followed by the Left Ventricle was the most common site of injury. Median Sternotomy was the surgical procedure of choice in managing these patients. Pericardial tamponade and Haemothorax were common intra-operative findings. Patients having penetrating cardiac injury presenting with detectable signs of life on arrival to the hospital can be rescued by early surgical interventio

Aging study of the powdered magnetite nanoparticles

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Magnetite nanoparticles were produced via co-precipitation method and then stored at room temperature for 6 years in aerobic atmosphere. Variations in the inherent solid phase and solid interfacial properties of the prepared magnetite nanoparticles were investigated. For this purpose the fresh and aged samples were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, X-ray diffractometer and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The solid phase transformations of magnetite nanoparticles to maghemite nanoparticles as well as formation of other iron oxides were happened. After aging of 6 years, no change was occurred in the magnetic features; however increase in particle size from 9.6 to 18.5 measured by transmission electron microscopy was confirmed. The crystallite size and vibrating sample magnetometer values were measured before and after aging and found to increase from 8.98 nm and 47.23 emu/g to 16.18 nm and 58.36 emu/g respectively. The formation of other iron oxides, recrystallization and agglomeration during aging process, caused a significant decrease in the specific surface area from 124.43 to 45.00 m2/g of the stored sample