Effect of Individualized vs Standard Blood Pressure Management Strategies on Postoperative Organ Dysfunction Among High-Risk Patients Undergoing Major Surgery

Objective: To determine the effect of individualized blood pressure management targeted upon the physiology of individual patient could help in decreasing the risk postoperative organ dysfunction.  Methodology It was a randomized trial carried out in department of general medicine from March 2016 to March 2017. An approval from Ethics committee was taken. An informed consent in the form of a written document was taken from every patient. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 24. Student t-test and χ2 test that was unadjusted was performed for the analysis of primary outcome. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: in the Individualized group, Primary composite outcome was noted as (36.7%) n=55. Acute kidney injury according to RIFLE criteria; Risk, injury and failure was observed as (17.3%) n=26, (9.3%) n=14 and (6%) n=9 respectively. Use of renal replacement therapy was noted as (8%) n=12. Acute heart failure occurred in (6%) n=9. respectively. For Standard treatment group, Primary composite outcome was noted as (48.7%) n=73. Use of renal replacement therapy was noted as (6.7%) n=10. Acute heart failure occurred in (1.3%) n=2. Need for noninvasive or invasive ventilation and sepsis was noted as (30.7%) n=46 and (18%) n=27 respectively. Conclusion: High Postoperative risk patients having major abdominal surgery, the mode of management directed towards the individual blood pressure as compared to standard mode of management proves to be fruitful in decreasing the risk for postoperative organ dysfunction. Keywords: Blood Pressure, Organ Dysfunction, Postoperative complications, Sepsis

Testing Purchasing Power Parity: A Comparison of Pakistan and India

We defined the purchasing power parity (PPP) in the scenario of Pakistan and India as a long term unit elasticity of exchange rate and compared it with relative national prices. The characteristic of finite sample are analyzed through time series regression analysis. It allows the cross sectional dependency, country heterogeneity and non-stationary disorder. Because the deviation of PPP is decrease with very slow rate, we execute the test on the data of 43 years. The past studies have showed that data was collected on the basis decades, like some of the researcher data contained on 08, 35 and 55 years. Additionally using the time series regression, this study observed the structural changes over a long term period. In this study, result identifies that the real exchange rate of India and Pakistan are not constant. The practical evidence shows that long run PPP holds for the sample countries. Keywords: Purchasing Power Parity; Exchange rate; Time Series Regression Test; Relative National Price

A Case of Subhyaloid Haemorrhage Managed with ND:YAG Laser Hyaloidotomy

Subhyaloid hemorrhage is rarely seen in ophthalmological practice in young males. We managed one such case in our set-up. A youngmale presented with sudden decreased vision. Fundus showed large collection of darkish red colored blood in subhyaloid space of theposterior pole in front of the macula, typical of sub-hyaloid hemorrhage. Treatment includes, amongst others, Nd: YAG laserhyaloidotomy. Prognosis, if treated on appropriate lines, is usually good. This case was being reported for general awareness.Key-words: Nd: Yag laser hyaloidotomy, premacular sub-hyaloid haemorrhag

Testing Purchasing Power Parity

We defined the purchasing power parity (PPP) in the scenario of Pakistan and India as a long term unit elasticity of exchange rate and compared it with relative national prices. The characteristic of finite sample are analyzed through time series regression analysis. It allows the cross sectional dependency, country heterogeneity and non-stationary disorder. Because the deviation of PPP is decrease with very slow rate, we execute the test on the data of 43 years. The past studies have showed that data was collected on the basis decades, like some of the researcher data contained on 08, 35 and 55 years. Additionally using the time series regression, this study observed the structural changes over a long term period. In this study, result identifies that the real exchange rate of India and Pakistan are not constant. The practical evidence shows that long run PPP holds for the sample countries. Keywords: Purchasing Power Parity; Exchange rate; Time Series Regression Test; Relative National Price

Uptake and Accumulation of Nano/Microplastics in Plants: A Critical Review

The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment is an undeniable and serious concern due to their higher persistence and extensive use in agricultural production. This review highlights the sources and fate of MPs and NPs in soil and their uptake, translocation, and physiological effects in the plant system. We provide the current snapshot of the latest reported studies with the majority of literature spanning the last five years. We draw attention to the potential risk of MPs and NPs in modern agriculture and their effects on plant growth and development. We also highlight their uptake and transport pathways in roots and leaves via different exposure methods in plants. Conclusively, agricultural practices, climate changes (wet weather and heavy rainfall), and soil organisms play a major role in transporting MPs and NPs in soil. NPs are more prone to enter plant cell walls as compared to MPs. Furthermore, transpiration pull is the dominant factor in the plant uptake and translocation of plastic particles. MPs have negligible negative effects on plant physiological and biochemical indicators. Overall, there is a dire need to establish long-term studies for a better understanding of their fate and associated risks mechanisms in realistic environment scenarios for safe agricultural functions

On the Theoretical Analysis of the Plant Propagation Algorithms

Plant Propagation Algorithms (PPA) are powerful and flexible solvers for optimisation problems. They are nature-inspired heuristics which can be applied to any optimisation/search problem. There is a growing body of research, mainly experimental, on PPA in the literature. Little, however, has been done on the theoretical front. Given the prominence this algorithm is gaining in terms of performance on benchmark problems as well as practical ones, some theoretical insight into its convergence is needed. The current paper is aimed at fulfilling this by providing a sketch for a global convergence analysis

Effect of animal manure, crop type, climate zone, and soil attributes on greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils A global meta-analysis

Agricultural lands, because of their large area and exhaustive management practices, have a substantial impact on the earth's carbon and nitrogen cycles, and agricultural activities consequence in discharges of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Globally, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions especially carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the agricultural sector are increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Although, the application of animal manure to the agricultural soil as an organic fertilizer not only improves soil health and agricultural production but also has a significant impact on GHGs emissions. But the extent of GHGs emissions in response to manure application under diverse environmental conditions is still uncertain. Here, a meta-analysis study was conducted using field data (48 peer-reviewed publications) published from 1989 to 2019. Meta-analysis results showed that poultry manure considerably increased CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions than pig and cattle manure. Furthermore, application of poultry manure also increased (¯(〖lnRR〗^ ) =0.141, 95% CI =0.526-0.356) GWP (global warming potential) of total soil GHGs emissions. While, the significant effects on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions also occurred at manure rate > 320 kg N ha-1 and > 60% water filled pore space. The maximum concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions were observed in neutral soils (¯(〖lnRR〗^ ) =3.375, 95% CI =3.323-3.428), alkaline soils (¯(〖lnRR〗^ ) =1.468, 95% CI =1.403-1.532), and acidic soils (¯(〖lnRR〗^ ) =2.355, 95% CI =2.390-2.400), respectively. Soil texture, climate zone and crop type were also found significant factors to increase GHGs emissions. Thus, this meta-analysis revealed a knowledge gap concerning the consequences of animal manure application and rate, climate zone, and physicochemical properties of soil on GHGs emissions from agricultural soils.Awais Shakoor would like to express his gratitude for the grant provided by the University of Lleida, Spain. The authors would like to appreciate the valuable comments from the editors and anonymous reviewers to improve the quality of this study

Emotional Empathy and Multiplex Derangement of Childhood in The Kite Runner: A Study of Cultural Upheaval and Collective Identity

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a work of narrative empathy with aspects of emotional empathy and multiplex derangement of childhood in fiction. This book shed light on the trauma and sociocultural pluralistic derangement that the people of Afghanistan have experienced, which is seen as a danger to the basic identities of collectiveness. The depressing and terrifying circumstances that Afghanis face create an ever-present mark on readers' hearts and minds. Social groups impose boundaries on solidarity during the painful formation process, leaving people to suffer in solitude. The horrific state of affairs among Afghanis is revealed by the eerie account of events. This debut's narration, which narrates the story of two characters, Amir (of the Pashtun elite class) and Hassan (of the Hazara caste, the lower caste), tends to be both exuberant and moving at the same time. Using the conceptual ideas of narrative and emotional empathy by Suzanne Keen, Jeffrey C. Alexander and Adam Smith, the theory of Cultural trauma and Collective identity will have been used as a tool to analyse this debut that is being discussed. Using the critical discourse analysis technique, the researcher will attempt to investigate the emotional empathy and multiplex derangement and trauma of childhood in fiction. Keywords: Emotional Empathy, Narrative Empathy, Derangement and Trauma, Cultural Upheaval, collective identity DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/101-05 Publication date: April 30th 202

The Professional Development Of Employees In Banks:A Comparative Study Of Public And Private Banks In Punjab Pakistan

The primary objective of the research was to determine the influence of Professional development of employee’s knowledge, skills and experience by the Training.  A phenomenon widely quoted in HR literature as professional development. To this end, the researcher initially identified twenty elements constituting professional developments of employees of banks in Punjab Pakistan. Subsequently, the magnitude of influence of each constituent elements of professional development in different functional areas of banking operations was analyzed. Co-deductive method of research was followed. The instrument of data collection was a questionnaire comprising many items which measured perception of respondents about the level of different variables ( improvement of quality of research, orientation of new employees, solution of organization problems, preparation of staff for promotion, provision of personal growth of employees, sufficient time of training, adequate schedules of training, effective  contents of training, highly competent trainers and adequate provision of training material) available to them in the training environment. Besides, the questionnaire measured perception about degree of Training in most important areas of banking operations. Sample size of this research consisted of 100 bank officers of 7 banks with 20 branches located in Bahawalpur. Data was collected by personal contacts. All twenty variables showed significant t- results. Additionally the strength of relationship was measured by the help of Mean and standard deviation at 0.05 significance level. The study brought out a number of important findings which necessitated formulation of HR initiatives for bringing about tangible improvement in professional developments at banks that will eventually enhance levels of training. Keywords: Professional development, Trainings of the employees, Transfer of training in workplac