SUBMERSIBLE COMPRESSOR TO ENHANCE GAS PRODUCTION AT THE GAS FIELD

Over the next 20 years, the role of natural gas in global energy consumption will increase. The speed of transition to natural gas will be driven by environmental issue, market demand and latest technology. This project is about developing a technological solution for the oil and gas industry's recognized problem of maximizing gas extraction from the gas field by trialing the technology which will increase production. The objectives of this study are to identify an option to boost the gas production and to maintain the pressure at the base of the well by means to prevent the problem of liquid loading by developing the submersible compressor. Submersible Compressor helps to maintain the well energy to lift the gas to the surface by maintaining the pressure differential between the well and surface. The submersible compressor is used in multiple stage compression modes. Scope of study includes the drawing of full scale submersible compressor by using CA TIA & AUTOCAD then exported to GAMBIT and FLUENT for subsequence analysis. The results of the analysis consist of discharge pressure and velocity of the compressor. The main target is to increase the discharge pressure so that the pressure differential between well and surface increased

Submersible Compressor to Enhance Gas Production at The Gas Field

Over the next 20 years, the role of natural gas in global energy consumption will increase. The speed of transition to natural gas will be driven by environmental issue, market demand and latest technology. This project is about developing a technological solution for the oil and gas industry's recognized problem of maximizing gas extraction from the gas field by trialing the technology which will increase production. The objectives of this study are to identify an option to boost the gas production and to maintain the pressure at the base of the well by means to prevent the problem of liquid loading by developing the submersible compressor. Submersible Compressor helps to maintain the well energy to lift the gas to the surface by maintaining the pressure differential between the well and surface. The submersible compressor is used in multiple stage compression modes. Scope of study includes the drawing of full scale submersible compressor by using CATIA & AUTOCAD then exported to GAMBIT and FLUENT for subsequence analysis. The results of the analysis consist of discharge pressure and velocity of the compressor. The main target is to increase the discharge pressure so that the pressure differential between well and surface increased

Development Of Extruded Food Snack Using Modified Cassava Flour (Mocaf) With Addition Of Local Herbs

The aim of this study is to make a comprehensive review on the development of extruded snacks which involved the review on current research development on extruded snacks, the application of modified cassava flour (MOCAF) in food formulation and the utilisation of selected herbs and spices in food application. Cassava roots are known to have a high durability characteristics, albeit easily perishable and contain high cyanide content. The simplest way to tackle this problem is by processing the cassava roots into Modified Cassava Flour (MOCAF) as to reduce the moisture content and to remove the cyanide content. The MOCAF processing steps involved peeling of the root’s skin, fermentation, drying and milling. MOCAF portrays some similar characteristics to wheat flour, except it is a gluten-free. This similarities rise up an idea of substitution to MOCAF as the base ingredients in extruded snack food formulation. However, development of MOCAF-based extruded snack alone may perceived as an unhealthy food as it is low in some important nutrients such as vitamins and minerals

Multivariate Calibration of CO2 solubility in Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) using Raman Spectroscopy

For decades, Carbon dioxide (CO2) capturing process had been an important issues since it is one of the major greenhouse gas (GHG) contributors which leads to the global warming. Alkanolamines such as Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) had been widely used for CO2 capturing by absorption process. A study on carbon dioxide (CO2) solubility was done inside aqueous MDEA solution by using Raman Spectroscopy with the goal of calculating the CO2 loading. This is because, there was still no direct measurement to calculate the CO2 loading inside the MDEA solution. Therefore, a sensor or a measurement device is needed to calculate the CO2 loading. After a three careful experiment had been run on three different MDEA concentrations which are 10%, 20% and 30% concentration, the raw data from the Raman Spectrum had been obtained. Matlab simulation was used to construct a statistical calibration and validation models between the CO2 loading and the peak of Raman Shift by using Partial Least-Squares method (PLS). Results shows that lower MDEA concentration produce better Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Mean Square Error (MSE) for calibration models while the combination of the three MDEA concentrations has found as a good fit with R2 of 0.9651 and MSE of 0.0347 in CO2 loading prediction

Terrorism: what the statistics show / Mokhtar Muhammad and Haliza Hasan

Terrorism has been widely used as a tool by extremists to achieve their goals. Terrorists consider themselves as freedom fighters to liberate the socalled "oppressed" people. The destructions caused by terrorists are enormous where many lives perished in this "holy war". How the media cover the acts of terrorism actually differ and varied according to their media policy on how they want to present the terrorist stories in their news reporting especially for the headlines. Like what has been stated earlier, there are two types of media coverage of terrorism namely as pro-terrorist and anti-terrorist. Nowadays, international media especially the Western cable is pro-terrorist press as they believed terrorism news will increase their readership and profit. Without realizing it, they actually trigger and developed the fear of Islam within the world society, as most of them labeled Muslim or Islam as terrorists. This study is based on secondary data to look at the phenomenon of terrorism throughout the world. Descriptive statistics are used to describe and to summarize the acts of terrorism. The statistics on terrorism include the incident information, incident location, attack information, weapon information, target/victim information, perpetrator information, casualties, and consequences. The statistics are summarized using an existing database managed by the University of Maryland, USA, which is named as the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). Information on terrorist attacks captured were incidences in the period of 1970 to 2015. The GTD includes systematic data on domestic as well as transnational and international terrorist incidents that have occurred during this period and contain more than 140,000 cases. The study uses descriptive information about the incidences of terrorism, to show dominant features on certain variables such as attack information or group information, as well as how these dominant features connect with the rest of the variables in the database

Countering terrorism through religion, culture, legal and ethical values / Mokhtar Muhammad and Haliza Hasan

Terrorism has been widely used as a tool by extremist to achieve their political, religious, and ideological agendas. The most worrying issue about terrorism is that innocent civilians are targeted, and they are considered as soft targets. Terrorists consider themselves above the law and normally do not work within the legal and ethical frame of the common army. The mass destruction committed by terrorists is also monstrous in comparison to normal criminals, usually the cause of a huge number of deaths and devastation of properties. Religion is typically used as a motivation for terrorism act where ignorant people are deceived to commit acts of terrorism in the name of religion. This is done by cunning designed doctrines which are used to instigate the perpetrators. Therefore, a better counter-narrative to overcome such doctrines. The use of legal means has proven worldwide to be one of the most effective ways to overcome terrorism. The inculcation of ethics is also important as ethics were throughout history, observed, even in the worse of wars. It is imperatives that all parties of conflicts to observe ethics despite their differences. A culture might easily be influenced by extremist ideas if left unchecked, thus leading to the flourishing of radical ideas. The best solution is for all these elements to synergize to create a concerted effort to combat terrorism

Comparison Studies of Surfactant Behavior in Light/Medium Oil

Depletion and high demand of crude oil had inspired the oil companies to explore other efficient enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. This enhancement process is the tertiary recovery method applied even after primary and secondary methods take placed. By conducting this enhancement process, the extraction of oil will increase. However, exploration and further exploitation of residual oil saturation become one of the most challenging activities in the petroleum industry. Surfactants are well known in the literature which plays the role in improving oil recovery that improve the recovery by reducing the interfacial tension (IFT) between water and oil besides changing the matrix wettability from intermediate or oil wet to water wet and reduce the capillary pressure thus allow the residual oil to flow. However, in term of surfactant itself, there are some factors which have impact on it. Temperature, salinity, concentration of surfactant is a few example of the parameter should be taken into account. However due to time constraint, this study will focus only on salinity and concentration variation on the performance of the new ionic liquid based surfactant. The range of parameters and variables will be based on the laboratory study. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is known as surfactant concentration in the large amount at which formation of micelle started. Therefore, from the graph of ionic liquid concentration versus interfacial tension, the ability of the new candidate as good surfactant to reduce IFT can be proven as well as the lowest concentration applicable. Additionally, the studies also include the existing anionic surfactant comparison

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLAR COOKER

Solar cooker is popular in developing country such as Africa and India since most of the regions received more heat by solar radiation from the sun. The main focus of the project is to design and development of a solar cooker for cooking and determine the best materials for the insulation. The project is proceed with the experiment to find the lowest thermal conductivity of selected materials followed by calculation of insulation thickness. The material for the solar cooker is chosen based on the several criteria such as material properties, locally available, and cost. After the fabrication of the solar cooker is done, the stagnation test is carried to monitor and record the solar cooker performance by measure the temperatures inside the cooking chamber. Through the experiment and calculations, the value of thermal conductivity of selected insulation is determined. The thickness of the rice straw and glass fiber for the solar cooker is 26.76 mm and 28.9 mm respectively to achieve 100 ºC on the absorber plate. Results of thermal performance test for the absorber plate average temperatures from 12 pm to 1 pm is 120.9 ºC and 102.3 ºC by using rice straw and glass fiber insulation in place respectively. The thermal conductivity of rice straw by experimentally is 7.97% less than glass fiber. The efficiency of the solar cooker by using rice straw is increased 12.7 % compared to glass fiber as insulation. The performance of the cooker with rice straw as insulation was improved compared to the glass fiber

CFD simulation of oil-water flow in a horizontal pipe

Water produced along with crude oil during production and transported together in a pipeline is a common occurrence in a petroleum production system. Understanding the behaviour of crude oil-water flow in a pipeline is crucial to many engineering applications, such as design and operation of flowlines and wells, separation systems, logs interpretations and determination of the amount of free water in contact with the wall of the pipes that can render erosion or corrosion problems. Presently, there are only two published papers on two phase flow of Malaysia waxy crude oil-water, namely Ismail et al. (2015b) and Piroozian et al. (2017). Their focuses were on flow pattern, pressure drop, and water holdup of the two phase flow system. All the parameters, working conditions, and simulation for this research work were basically based on the experimental results published by Ismail et al. (2015b) which involved the flow of waxy crude oil-water in a closedloop system of 5.08 cm ID stainless steel horizontal pipeline at ambient condition. The water cut was varied from 10% - 90% with mixture velocities ranging from 0.1 - 0.9 m/s. Five flow patterns have been identified by them; stratified waxy flow, stratified wavy semi dispersed flow at interface and oil film, dispersion of water in oil and oil continuous with emulsion, dispersion of oil in water with water continuous, and the newly found semi dispersed flow semi emulsion at interface and thin oil film. The objective of this study is to simulate and validate the flow pattern, pressure drop and liquid holdup with the experimental results using ANSYS Fluent and CFX-Pre. The volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow modeling method was used in Fluent and free surface model was used in CFX-Pre in conjunction with the standard k-e and k-rn schemes to simulate the oil-water flow. The simulation results were found to be in good agreement with the published data. The simulation results can be used as a platform to understand better other more complex cases of waxy crude and water concurrent flow in pipelines

Malmquist Productivity Index for Container Terminal

The current decade sees significant growth in worldwide seaborne container transportation and with it an essential need for optimization of its productivity.  Container ports and their terminals are required to remain competitive and able to handle the anticipated growth as there are huge challenges to increase its productivity, to reduce the spatial pressure and terminal congestion. The paper aims to analyse and measure the productivity of major container ports in Peninsular Malaysia. A non-parametric technique is employed to analyse and measure Malmquist productivity in estimating the utmost productive container terminals. The malmquist productivity results replicate the actual container ports productivity in line with resources within container terminals and obtained throughput. It is prove that current container terminals expansion by port operators in line with future demand. Keywords: Container terminal, DEA, Malmquist Productivity Inde