Development of Tollmien-Schlichting disturbances in the presence of laminar separation bubbles on an unswept infinite wavy wing

The effect of long-wavelength sinusoidal surface waviness on the development of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) wave instabilities is investigated. The analysis is based on the compressible flow that forms over an unswept infinite wavy wing with surface variations of variable amplitude, wavelength, and phase. Boundary layer profiles are extracted directly from solutions of a Navier-Stokes solver, which allows a thorough parametric analysis to be undertaken. Many wavy surface configurations are examined that can be sufficient to establish localized pockets of separated flow. Linear stability analysis is undertaken using parabolized stability equations (PSE) and linearized Navier-Stokes (LNS) methods, and surface waviness is generally found to enhance unstable behavior. Results of the two schemes are compared and criteria for PSE to establish accurate solutions in separated flows are determined, which are based on the number of TS waves per wavelength of the surface deformation. Relationships are formulated, relating the instability variations to the surface parameters, which are consistent with previous observations regarding the growth of TS waves on a flat plate. Additionally, some long-wavelength surface deformations are found to stabilize TS disturbances

Ice formation within a thin film flowing over a flat plate

We present a model for ice formation in a thin, viscous liquid film driven by a Blasius boundary layer after heating is switched off along part of the flat plate. The flow is assumed to initially be in the Nelson et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 284, 1995, pp. 159–169) steady-state configuration with a constant flux of liquid supplied at the tip of the plate, so that the film thickness grows lik

Acoustic-roughness receptivity in subsonic boundary-layer flows over aerofoils

The generation of a viscous–inviscid instability through scattering of an acoustic wave by localised and distributed roughness on the upper surface of a NACA 0012 aerofoil is studied with a time-harmonic compressible adjoint linearised Navier–Stokes approach. This extends previous work by the authors dedicated to flat plate geometries. The key advancement lies in the modelling of the inviscid acoustic field external to the aerofoil boundary layer, requiring a numerical solution of the convected Helmholtz equation in a non-uniform inviscid field to determine the unsteady pressure field on the curved aerofoil surface. This externally imposed acoustic pressure field subsequently drives the acoustic boundary layer, which fundamentally determines the amplitudes of acoustic-roughness receptivity. A study of receptivity in the presence of Gaussian-shaped roughness and sinusoidally distributed roughness at Mach number M∞ = 0.4 and Strouhal numbers S ≈ {46, 69, 115} shows the effects of various parameters, most notably angle of attack, angle of incidence of the externally imposed plane acoustic wave and geometry of surface roughness; the latter is varied from viewpoint of its placement on the aerofoil surface and its wavelength. The parametric study suggests that non-parallel effects are quite substantial and that considerable differences arise when using parallel flow theory to estimate the optimal width of Gaussian-shaped roughness elements to provoke the greatest response. Furthermore, receptivity amplitudes for distributed roughness are observed to be generally higher for lower angles of attack, i.e. for less adverse pressure gradients. It is also shown that the boundary layer is more receptive to upstream-travelling acoustic waves

Synthesis and Characterization of Naproxen Intercalated Zinc Oxide Stacked Nanosheets for Enhanced Hepatoprotective Potential

Liver diseases pose a significant global health burden, with limited therapeutic options for chronic cases. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for hepatoprotection due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. However, their potential remains hampered by insufficient drug loading and controlled release. The current study explores the intercalation of Naproxen (Nx), a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug, within ZnO stacked nanosheets (SNSs) to address these limitations. Herein, an easy and solution-based synthesis of novel Nx intercalated ZnO SNSs was established. The obtained Nx intercalated ZnO SNSs were encapsulated with poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA) to make them biocompatible. The synthesized biocomposite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which confirm the successful synthesis and intercalation of Nx within the ZnO SNSs. The obtained outcomes showed that the configuration of ZnO nanosheets was altered when Nx was introduced, resulting in a more organized stacking pattern. An in vivo investigation of mice liver cells unveiled that the Nx intercalated ZnO SNss had increased hepatoprotective properties. The study’s results provide valuable insights into using Nx intercalated ZnO SNss for targeted drug delivery and improved treatment effectiveness, particularly for liver-related illnesses

SDN next generation integrated architecture for HEP and global science

I describe a software-defined global system under development by Caltech and partner network teams in support of the LHC and other major science programs that coordinates workflows among hundreds of multi-petabyte data stores and petascale computing facilities interlinked by 100 Gbps networks, and the Exascale systems needed by the next decade

Cone and seed maturity indices in Pinus wallichiana under temperate conditions of Kashmir Himalayas, India

Pinus wallichiana (Blue pine) does not have a good seed every year and hence it becomes necessary to collect abundant quantity of seed during good seed year. It becomes necessary to know the exact time of seed ma-turity. To overcome this problem, the present investigation was conducted in Kashmir valley at four different altitudes and locations i.e. (1,600-2,000 masl–KFD), (2,000-2,400 masl -LFD), (2,400-2,800-PFD) and (2,800-3200 masl– SFD). The results revealed that seed collection clearly showed wide variation in the maturity of cones. Cone colour served as an indicator of maturity and it changed from light green to green and green with brown patches at maturity-ty. Seed colour changed from whitish to light brown and dark brown at maturity. The mean cone weight (118.67- 88.17gm) and specific gravity (1.13-0.90) decreased as the cones proceeded towards maturity. The mean seed weight of 21.79 to 57.13gm increased at all altitudes as the cones advanced towards maturity. Cone length, cone diameter and germination percent differed (P?0.05) significantly between altitudes and increased when the cones advanced towards maturity. The germination per cent was recorded more at altitudinal range of 1,600-2,400 masl (67.25-70.26%) at maturity, while as it was recorded lower at higher altitudes (42.12-47.25%). It is concluded that the altitudinal range of 1,600-2,400 masl is best sites for collection of phenotypically superior seeds in terms of maxi-mum cone length (18.18cm), diameter (5.23mm) and weight (108.94gm), number of seeds per cone (117.72), seed weight (79.99) and germinability (68.75)

HEAT TRANSFER MODELING OF METAL DEPOSITION EMPLOYING WELDING HEAT SOURCE

ABSTRAC

OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF ALFALFA MOSAIC ALFAMOVIRUS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

Alfalfa mosaic Alfamovirus (AMV) was widely distributed in Sultanate of Oman as 88% of the fields surveyed were found to be infected. The virus was identified on the basis of biological, serological and some physical properties, and was recorded on 21 hosts comprising of 4 field crops, 14 vegetables, 1 ornamental plant and 2 weed species; distributed in 9 botanical families. Two new hosts of AMV i.e. Heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum) and Ammi (Ammi majus) were found. The virus was detected in all parts of systemically infected plants except wood. Seed transmission in the farmers' samples, commercial stock and seeds harvested from mechanically inoculated plants was 2 to 8%, 10.2% and 26%, respectively. The virus isolate had a dilution end point 1 x 10-3 -10-4, longevity in vitro for 3 days at 25°C and thermal inactivation point of 65-67°C. Cotton aphids (Aphis gossypi/) transmitted the virus in a non-persistent manner. Wide occurrence and distribution of AMV in the country is attributed to its broad host range, seed-transmission, adaptation to high temperature and abundance of insect vector

Lepton Flavor Violating Z Decays in the Zee Model

We calculate lepton flavor violating (LFV) Z decays Z \to {{e_i^\pm}}e_j^\mp (i, j = e, \mu, \tau ; i\neq j) in the Zee model keeping in view the radiative leptonic decays e_i\to e_j\gamma (i = \mu, \tau ; j = e, \mu ; i\neq j), \mu decay and anomalous muon magnetic moment (\mu AMM). We investigate three different cases of Zee f_{ij} coupling (A) f_{e\mu}^2 = f_{\mu\tau}^2= f_{\tau e}^2, (B) f_{e\mu}^2 \gg f_{\tau e}^2 \gg f_{\mu\tau}^2, and (C) f_{\mu\tau}^2 \gg f_{e\mu}^2 \gg f_{\tau e}^2 subject to the neutrino phenomenology. Interestingly, we find that, although the case (C) satisfies the large excess value of \mu AMM, however, it is unable to explain the solar neutrino experimental result, whereas the case (B) satisfies the bi-maximal neutrino mixing scenario, but confronts with the result of \mu AMM experiment. We also find that among all the three cases, only the case (C) gives rise to largest contribution to the ratio B(Z\to e^\pm\tau^\mp)/B(Z\to \mu^\pm \mu^\mp) \simeq {10}^{-8} which is still two order less than the accessible value to be probed by the future linear colliders, whereas for the other two cases, this ratio is too low to be observed even in the near future for all possible LFV Z decay modes.Comment: 12 pages, RevTex, 2 figures, 3 Tables, typos corrected, reference added, version to appear in Phys. Rev.