Injury Patterns and Causes of Death Among Occupants of Three-wheelers Succumbed to Their Injuries From Road Traffic Accidents in Sri Lanka

Background: In Sri Lanka and South Asian countries, three-wheeler vehicles are a popular mode of transportation. However due to poor vehicle safety features and road conditions, this vehicle is more vulnerable to accidents. In this regard, we hypothesize that the occupants of three-wheelers sustain a different pattern of injuries compared to occupants of other vehicles, which cause a fatal outcome.Methods: This was a retrospective study from 2005 to 2014. The study samples were occupants of three-wheelers succumbed from road traffic accidents reported to 3 medico-legal units in Sri Lanka.Results: In our study, majority of the victims were young males. The commonest site of fatal injury was head (78.8%), which was more common in passengers. The commonest skull fracture was on base (70.5%). Majority had brain contusion (36.4%) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (31%) was the commonest type of intracranial haemorrhage. Chest injuries directly contributed to death in 57 cases while rib fractures were seen in all such cases. Spinal injuries were seen in 41(31%) cases where cervical spine injuries were the commonest which was seen in 30(73.2 %) cases. In the present study, 65.2% of deaths have taken place within the first hour following the incident. Out of all the fatal cases, 84.8% of the victims were trapped inside the vehicle and others (15.2%) were thrown away. Toppling of the three-wheeler was seen in 27.3% of cases.Conclusion: The poor safety structure of the three-wheeler plays a major role in the type of injuries sustained by the deceased and the safety of the occupants should be improved

A Rare Case of Prostatic Stromal Tumour of Uncertain Malignant Potential Surrounding Ejaculatory Ducts in a Patient With Concurrent Prostate Adenocarcinoma

© 2022 Chan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Stromal tumour of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) is exceedingly rare. Diagnosis and management of STUMP present a challenge to the urologist due to the absence of specific clinical findings and its unpredictable clinical course. Thus, radical resection is often recommended. Here, we present a case of a 64-year-old male, who presented with mild obstructive voiding symptoms with a raised age-specific prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 3.1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an area of suspicion, in an area thought to be the left seminal vesicle, containing a malignant lesion within it. Biopsy of this area and the prostate confirmed concurrent prostatic STUMP and Gleason 3+3=6 adenocarcinoma of the prostate, managed with robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with wide local excision.Peer reviewe

Effect of Air and Chilled Emulsion Minimum Quantity Lubrication (ACEMQL) in Machining Hard to Cut Metals

Effect of Air and Chilled Emulsion Minimum Quantity Lubrication in Machining Hard to Cut Metals A novel approach of cutting fluid application was developed and its performance in machining hard to cut metalswas investigated. The study focused on turning AISI P20 and D2 tool steels using coated carbide cutting tools. For this study, an improved minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method named, air and chilled emulsion minimum quantity lubrication (ACEMQL) method was developed to evaluate its effect on tool life and surface finish of material being machined. Trials were carried outfor ACEMQL with cutting fluid temperatures from 5°C to 20 °C in steps of 5 °C.In order to obtain a benchmark for comparison ofresults, set oftrials were carried out for dry cutting and flood cooling at 25 °C while all other parameters kept same as in ACEMQL method. Trials for ACEMQL method resulted in better tool life and surface finish for both AISI P20 and AISI D2 tool steels when compared with dry cutting and regular flood cooling methods. Minimum tool wear in machining AISI P20, was observed at 15 °C with ACEMQL, and it has shown a trend of increasing tool wear when temperature was lowered to 10 °C and 5 °C. A tool wear reduction of 97% from dry cutting, and 93% of flood cooling, is observed with ACEMQL at 15 °C. At 10 °C also ACEMQL has shown a reduction in tool wear by 94% compared with dry cutting and 86% compared with flood cooling. However, at 20 °C, it is observed that there is an increase in tool wear compared to flood cooling by 29%. Similarly, in machining AISI D2, minimum tool wear was observed at 15 °C with ACEMQL, and it has shown a trend of increasing tool wear when temperature was further lowered to 10 °C and 5 °C. A tool wear reduction of 96% from dry cutting, and 93% offlood cooling, is observed with ACEMQL at 15 °C. At 10 °C also ACEMQL has shown a reduction in tool wear by 71% compared with diy cutting and 57% compared with flood cooling. Although use of ACEMQL shows an improvement in surface finish in machining both AISI P20 and D2, it has not shown significant difference with reduction oftemperature in the investigated steps oftemperatures. For AISI P20, the least surface roughness obtained is 0.97 pm Ra and it is at 5 °C. It is a 35% reduction with respect to dry cutting condition and 31% reduction in comparison with flood cooling condition. For AISI D2, the minimum surface roughness obtained is 0.82 pm Ra and it is at 5 °C. It is a 49% reduction with respect to dry cutting condition and 40% reduction in comparison with flood cooling condition.Research on the effect of cutting velocity, feed rate and depth of cut, on tool life and surface finish with ACEMQL is suggested as future work. Further, economic feasibility analysis is suggested to find out the suitability of ACEMQL in local die and mould manufacturing industry, and also research on relationship between chip colour and cutting condition, and reasons for the colourisation is suggested as future work

Effect of fluid flow on bacterial attachment, detachment, and viability on nanostructured surfaces.

This research is a giant leap forward in developing antibacterial nanostructured surfaces for medical and industrial applications. Impact of fluid flow on antibacterial property of nanostructured surface has been investigated using microfluidics in this thesis. Nano-wire structures fabricated on titanium surfaces were tested under fluid shear for bacterial attachment, detachment, and viability. Epifluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to visualise bacterial cell coverage on surfaces. Two pathogenic and biofilm forming bacterial species were tested on the nanostructured surface under range of fluid wall shear using custom designed novel microfluidic device

Development of Die & Mould Making Industry in Sri Lanka through Tripartite Collaboration of University-Industry-Government

Most of the Sri Lankan Die & mould makers are Small and Medium Enterprises. Due to various constraints they manage to cater only for 20% of local die & mould demand. One of the reasons is the high technological gap between SMEs and large scale mould makers. The local SME mould makers need financial and technological support to increase production volume and the quality. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of different parties, a tripartite approach that involves the industry, government and the academic institutes has been proposed to uplift this industry. This paper presents a proposed working model for a tripartite approach and its successful implementation being carried out at University of Moratuw

Investigation & Simulation of Bird Flight Kinematics & Dynamics

Birds use a simple technique to get airborne. However, mankind is still not capable of using this simple technique successfully in any applications. In this project, it has been investigated about bird flight kinematics with respect to the different flying patterns of birds, with the intension of developing a mechanism for human applications which uses such kinematics. Motions of bird wing skeleton were examined and analysed using computer software. Virtual simulations of wing patterns were also done. In addition, an innovative simulation method has been developed to acquire flapping motion by manipulation of aerodynamic forces exerted, which has minimised the number of prime movers on boar

Investigation of effects of Cutting Speed on Tool Wear with Optimum Temperature MQL Aerosol

This study is focused on evaluating newly developed chilled-emulsion Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method on machining hard-to-cut metals. Previous research work revealed that, aerosol at 15 °C provides the optimal tool life and generates the least surface roughness when machining AISI P20 and D2 tool steels at a given cutting speed. In that context, the influence of varying cutting speeds with MQL aerosol at 15 °C is further studied in this paper. Three cutting speeds were used as per the tool manufacturer‘s recommendations. For the aforementioned cutting conditions, tool nose wear were measured and topologies of worn cutting edges were observed and compared. The experimental results revealed that tool wear rate and other forms of damages such as chipping and plastic deformation for different work material have contrasting responses. This indicates that MQL aerosol performance is notably sensitive to work material properties and its benefits as a cutting fluid should be further investigated over wider range of materials

Effect of Cryogenic Cooling on Machining Performance on Hard to Cut Metals - A Literature Review

This paper presents a literature review done on Cryogenic cooling, Liquid Nitrogen Cooling(LNC), and 'Chilled Air and Minimum Quantity Lubrication' (CAMQL) cooling methods used in machining operations, targeting to recognise better cooling methods for the Sri Lankan die and mould making sector (SLDMMS). The state of the art in cryogenic machining was searched and reviewed first, and then its benefits, limitations, and applications were studied. Alternative cooling methods for conventional emulsion cooling were searched. The benefits from cryogenic cooling and other alternative methods were analysed and compared. LNC and CAMQL cooling were chosen as subjects for further comparative study. A substantial amount of literature was found on the effect of these cooling methods on hard-to-cut materials such as lnconel, Titanium alloys etc., but very few or no studies had been carried out on materials used in the Sri Lankan die and mould making sector. A survey on materials used in SLDMMS is recommended to identify the most commonly used material types. An economic feasibility study of cryogenic cooling and chilled air cooling is recommended

Overdose of carbamazepine before hanging by a child: a case report of a complex suicide

Abstract Background Compared to death by hanging, fatal cases due to carbamazapine intake is hardly seen. We are reporting a rare case where the victim had used this combination to terminate life as a complex suicide. Case presentation The deceased was a 16-year-old school girl, who had been on carbamazepine for 10 years for epilepsy. Following a heated argument with her family members, who had disapproved of her love affair, the victim was found hanging from a rafter in her bedroom, with a plume of froth coming from both nostrils and mouth. A complete death investigation, including scene investigation and complete autopsy examination, was carried out. Her stomach contained pieces of tablets which were later confirmed to be carbamazepine, which was also seen in fatal levels in the blood. The cause of death was confirmed as hanging, in a patient who had ingested a massive dose of carbamazepine. The manner of death was suicide and more towards planned complex type. Conclusion The value of toxicological analysis should not be underestimated even in cases of hanging. This case further highlights the responsibility cast upon the guardians of children diagnosed with chronic diseases like epilepsy, where stressful situations need to be handled in a tactful manner, to avoid catastrophic consequences

Effects of cutting speed on tool nose wear with ACE-MQL aerosol at optimum-temperature

This study is focused on evaluating newly developed chilled-emulsion Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method on machining hard-to-cut metals. Previous research work revealed that, aerosol at 15°C provides the optimal tool life and generates the least surface roughness when machining AISI P20 and D2 tool steels at a given cutting speed. In that context, the influence of varying cutting speeds with MQL aerosol at 15°C is further studied in this paper. Three cutting speeds were used as per the tool manufacturer’s recommendations. For the aforementioned cutting conditions, tool nose wear were measured and topologies of worn cutting edges were observed and compared. The experimental results revealed that tool wear rate and other forms of damages such as chipping and plastic deformation for different work material have contrasting responses. This indicates that MQL aerosol performance is notably sensitive to work material properties and its benefits as a cutting fluid should be further investigated over wider range of materials