5 research outputs found
A review of the potential for rare earth element resources from European red muds: examples from Seydişehir, Turkey and Parnassus-Giona, Greece
Rare-earth elements (REE) are viewed as ‘critical metals’ due to a complex array of production and political
issues, most notably a near monopoly in supply from China. Red mud, the waste product of the Bayer
process that produces alumina from bauxite, represents a potential secondary resource of REE. Karst bauxite
deposits represent the ideal source material for REE-enriched red mud as the conditions during formation of
the bauxite allow for the retention of REE. The REE pass through the Bayer Process and are concentrated in
the waste material. Millions of tonnes of red mud are currently stockpiled in onshore storage facilities across
Europe, representing a potential REE resource. Red mud from two case study sites, one in Greece and the
other in Turkey, has been found to contain an average of ∼1000 ppm total REE, with an enrichment of light
over heavy REE. Although this is relatively low grade when compared with typical primary REE deposits
(Mountain Pass and MountWeld up to 80,000 ppm), it is of interest because of the large volumes available,
the cost benefits of reprocessing waste, and the low proportion of contained radioactive elements. This work
shows that ∼12,000 tonnes of REE exist in red mud at the two case study areas alone, with much larger
resources existing across Europe as a whole
Muchos artesanos del distrito, a los varrios de su comprension
Commentary on the abuse of civil rights, the vow of the Mexican army to die in defence of the country's institutions, and the importance of Vicente Guerrero and Agustín de Iturbide for the future of the country. Dated 11 June 183