A Benchmark Dataset for Understandable Medical Language Translation

In this paper, we introduce MedLane -- a new human-annotated Medical Language translation dataset, to align professional medical sentences with layperson-understandable expressions. The dataset contains 12,801 training samples, 1,015 validation samples, and 1,016 testing samples. We then evaluate one naive and six deep learning-based approaches on the MedLane dataset, including directly copying, a statistical machine translation approach Moses, four neural machine translation approaches (i.e., the proposed PMBERT-MT model, Seq2Seq and its two variants), and a modified text summarization model PointerNet. To compare the results, we utilize eleven metrics, including three new measures specifically designed for this task. Finally, we discuss the limitations of MedLane and baselines, and point out possible research directions for this task

Effect of Filler Orientation on the Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Fiber/PMMA Composites

The electrical conductivity of extruded carbon fiber (CF)/Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites with controlled CF aspect ratio and filler fractions ranging from 0 to 50 vol. % has been investigated and analyzed. The composites were extruded through a capillary rheometer, utilizing either 1-mm or 3-mm diameter extrusion dies, resulting in cylindrical composite filaments of two different diameters. Since the average CF orientation becomes more aligned with the extrusion flow when the diameter of the extrusion dies decreases, the relationship between conductivity and average fiber orientation could therefore be examined. The room temperature conductivities of the extruded filaments as a function of CF fractions were fitted to the McLachlan general effective medium (GEM) equation and the percolation thresholds were determined to 20.0 ± 2.5 vol. % and 32.0 ± 5.9 vol. % for the 3-mm (with CFs oriented less) and 1-mm (with CFs oriented more) filaments, respectively. It turned out that the oriented CFs in the composite shift the percolation threshold to a higher value, however, the conductivity above the percolation threshold is higher for composites with oriented CFs. A novel approach based on the Balberg excluded volume theory was proposed to explain this counterintuitive phenomenon

Charakterisierung und Modellierung von anisotropen elektrisch leitfähigen Komposit-Filamenten aus PMMA und Carbon Füllstoffen

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a thermoplastic with favorable processing conditions. It has been widely applied in the industry because of its transparent properties, e. g. plastic optical fibers (POF) [1-3]. Moreover, the amorphous thermoplastic PMMA is one of the most optimal polymer matrix to produce composites, because the influence of the crystallization on the distribution of the fillers could be ignored [4, 5]. Many fillers has been reported as an enhancement for PMMA based composites, while the transparency of the PMMA could be barely reduced by the addition of the fillers [6-12], which provides the possibility for producing a conductive POF. However, the conductivity of anisotropic PMMA composites filament with conductive fillers has been rarely reported. Both mechanism of conductive fillers under shear field as well as investigation on mathematical models still remain unclear. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis focuses on the electrical conductivity of PMMA composites doped with conductive fillers, which belongs to the definition of conductive polymer composites (CPCs). The CPCs have been widely used in many fields, such as anti-static materials, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, sensor and conductors [13, 14]. The most widely used conductive fillers are carbon fibers (CFs) [15-25], carbon black (CB) [4, 5, 26-29] and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [30-40]. During the extrusion process, an orientation of the inner fillers (especially CF and CNTs) parallel to the extrusion direction could be induced. Therefore, the electrical conductivities of the CPCs with anisotropic fillers can be thus different from that with isotropic fillers. In this thesis, the binary PMMA/CF composite filament (with up to 60 vol. % CF) have been studied, in order to reveal the influence of (1) aspect ratio (AR) of fillers; (2) orientation of fillers on the electrical conductivity of the CPCs. Besides the development of existing equation and theories of electrical conductivities, a novel approach has been proposed to explain the counterintuitive phenomenon. In addition, binary PMMA composite filament doped with carbon black (CB) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have also been presented. The ternary composite filament comprising PMMA/CB/CF has been studied with a broad range of composite compositions (up to 50 vol. % CF and 20 vol. % CB). Experimental conductivity contour plots for PMMA/CB/CF ternary composites filament have been presented for the first time. Furthermore, based on a model for predicting the percolation threshold of ternary composites filament, a novel equation has been proposed to predict the conductivity of ternary composites filament, showing results in agreement with corresponding experimental data. Moreover, ternary composite filament comprising PMMA/CB/CNTs (up to 30 vol. % CNTs and 20 vol. % CB) has also been studied. A novel quantified definition ‘Synergasm’ was proposed, which is able to precisely describe the synergic effect between CB and CNTs for the first time

Wire Rope Defect Recognition Method Based on MFL Signal Analysis and 1D-CNNs

The quantitative defect detection of wire rope is crucial to guarantee safety in various application scenes, and sophisticated inspection conditions usually lead to the accurate testing of difficulties and challenges. Thus, a magnetic flux leakage (MFL) signal analysis and convolutional neural networks (CNNs)-based wire rope defect recognition method was proposed to solve this challenge. Typical wire rope defect inspection data obtained from one-dimensional (1D) MFL testing were first analyzed both in time and frequency domains. After the signal denoising through a new combination of Haar wavelet transform and differentiated operation and signal preprocessing by normalization, ten main features were used in the datasets, and then the principles of the proposed MFL and 1D-CNNs-based wire rope defect classifications were presented. Finally, the performance of the novel method was evaluated and compared with six machine learning methods and related algorithms, which demonstrated that the proposed method featured the highest testing accuracy (>98%) and was valid and feasible for the quantitative and accurate detection of broken wire defects. Additionally, the considerable application potential as well as the limitations of the proposed methods, and future work, were discussed

The Jari Project and the press debate on the foreignization of land and capital foreigner in the Brazilian field in the opening period (1978 to 1982)

A partir de uma perspectiva histórica do regime civil-militar, a monografia pretende analisar criticamente a representação pela grande imprensa e a imprensa alternativa do papel do capital estrangeiro na formação de empresas agrícolas e a estrangeirização de terras na floresta amazônica. O caso de estudo é o Projeto Jari, implantado na Amazônia entre 1967 e 1982 pelo empresário estadunidense Daniel Ludwig com a colaboração do regime. Ludwig criou na Amazônia o maior projeto agropecuário, florestal e minerador do mundo, controlando em torno de 3 milhões de hectares. O caso chama atenção devido a intensificação do fenômeno da estrangeirização de terras - também conhecido como land grabbing - no início do século XXI. O Projeto Jari é uma referência importante para entender como se deu a penetração das empresas multinacionais no Brasil, especialmente no contexto de um governo nacionalista, orientado pelo discurso de segurança nacional e territorial, focado no desenvolvimento econômico e determinado expandir a fronteira agrícola pela floresta amazônica. Enfatizando dois eixos do caso, como tecnologias de produção - sendo eles capital estrangeiro e a estrangeirização de terras - nosso projeto investiga o debate sobre essas tecnologias que ocorreu nos últimos anos do Projeto Jari, entre 1978 e 1982. O recorte temporal do trabalho é a abertura lenta e gradual da ditadura civil-militar, como proposta por Geisel. Utilizando a literatura produzidas sobre o Projeto Jari e, em especial, pesquisas dos jornais representativos da grande imprensa e a imprensa alternativa do período, o Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso documenta a representação destas tecnologias e avalia o impacto do debate nas políticas públicas da época para oferecer uma contribuição para a melhoraria da qualidade de vida no campo a favor do equilíbrio entre desenvolvimento econômico, social e a preservação ambiental.Não recebi financiament

Effect of Filler Orientation on the Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Fiber/PMMA Composites

The electrical conductivity of extruded carbon fiber (CF)/Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites with controlled CF aspect ratio and filler fractions ranging from 0 to 50 vol. % has been investigated and analyzed. The composites were extruded through a capillary rheometer, utilizing either 1-mm or 3-mm diameter extrusion dies, resulting in cylindrical composite filaments of two different diameters. Since the average CF orientation becomes more aligned with the extrusion flow when the diameter of the extrusion dies decreases, the relationship between conductivity and average fiber orientation could therefore be examined. The room temperature conductivities of the extruded filaments as a function of CF fractions were fitted to the McLachlan general effective medium (GEM) equation and the percolation thresholds were determined to 20.0 ± 2.5 vol. % and 32.0 ± 5.9 vol. % for the 3-mm (with CFs oriented less) and 1-mm (with CFs oriented more) filaments, respectively. It turned out that the oriented CFs in the composite shift the percolation threshold to a higher value, however, the conductivity above the percolation threshold is higher for composites with oriented CFs. A novel approach based on the Balberg excluded volume theory was proposed to explain this counterintuitive phenomenon

Two-loop scattering amplitudes: double-forward limit and colour-kinematics duality

We propose new formulae for the two-loop n-point D-dimensional integrands of scattering amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory and gravity. The loop integrands are written as a double-forward limit of tree-level trivalent diagrams, and are inferred from the formalism of the two-loop scattering equations. We discuss the relationship between the formulae for non-supersymmetric theories and the Neveu-Schwarz sector of the formulae for maximally supersymmetric theories, which can be derived from ambitwistor strings. An important property of the loop integrands is that they are expressed in a representation that includes linear-type propagators. This representation exhibits a loop-level version of the colour-kinematics duality, which follows directly from tree level via the double-forward limit.Comment: 32 pages plus appendices, 17 figure