Maxillofacial soft tissue injuries in Nairobi, Kenya

Objectives: To determine the aetiological factors and pattern of occurrence of maxillofacial soft tissue injuries (MF-STIs) presenting at a Kenyan National Referral Hospital in Nairobi.Design: A cross-sectional study.Settings: The accident and emergency department of the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) between September 2009 and December 2009.Subjects: Four hundred and twenty two patients treated for MF-STIs.Results: The male to female ratio was 3.3:1. Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) were the leading cause of MF-STIs (44.6%) followed by interpersonal violence (IPV) (39.1%). MVA (50.0%) was the leading cause of MF-STIs in the less than 12- year-olds while falls from heights (58.3%) was the leading cause in under five-year-olds. IPV (48.1%) was the leading cause of facial fractures. There were no skeletal fractures observed in the under five-year-olds. Head injury (36%) and fractures of the long bones (52%) were the most common associated injuries.Conclusion: The leading causes of MF-STIs apparently differ from those of skeletal fractures

Preparation and Application of Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization (CDI): a State-of-Art Review

As a promising desalination technology, capacitive deionization (CDI) have shown practicality and cost-effectiveness in brackish water treatment. Developing more efficient electrode materials is the key to improving salt removal performance. This work reviewed current progress on electrode fabrication in application of CDI. Fundamental principal (e.g. EDL theory and adsorption isotherms) and process factors (e.g. pore distribution, potential, salt type and concentration) of CDI performance were presented first. It was then followed by in-depth discussion and comparison on properties and fabrication technique of different electrodes, including carbon aerogel, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene and ordered mesoporous carbon. Finally, polyaniline as conductive polymer and its potential application as CDI electrode-enhancing materials were also discussed

Detection of genetic variability using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers in some accessions of moringa oleifera Lam. from northern Nigeria

To investigate genetic variability in Moringa oleifera Lam., 75 accessions from the Sudan and Guinea savanna zones in Nigeria were taxonomically analysed using Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The electrophoresis bands were analysed using NTSYSpc software and the result of their matrices indicated different variability in the accessions. High degrees of polymorphism (74%) among the accessions were observed in terms of genetic relationship and were grouped into five clusters. This high variability can be utilised for mapping out breeding strategies in the production of cultivars with better yield of M. oleifera to meet the pressing needs of these multi-purpose crop to our growing populations