Sociometric typologies during adolescence: Contrasting different scoring techniques and formulas

El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar distintas fórmulas para la clasificación sociométrica y analizar la relación de las tipologías obtenidas con cada sistema y la conducta evaluada por los iguales en la adolescencia. Un total de 1.009 estudiantes de 4º de ESO fueron clasificados utilizando cuatro sistemas distintos: dos basados en la técnica de nominación de Coie y Dodge y Newcomb y Bukowski, una adaptación de este último basada en la revisión del estatus de ignorados, y un cuarto sistema basado en la escala de calificación de Maassen y Laandsheer. Los resultados muestran una asociación significativa entre las cuatro clasificaciones, pero también diferencias entre ellas, mostrándose más relacionados entre sí los que parten de la técnica de nominación, además de ofrecer una mejor caracterización conductual de las categorías sociométricas.Our aim in this work is to compare the different sociometric classification formulae and to analyze possible connections between each type of formula and each behaviour assessed by peers during adolescence. We classified a total of 1,009 Spanish fourth-grade secondary education students (15-year-olds) using four different systems: two were based on a nomination technique by Coie and Dodge, Newcomb and Bukowski, the third system was a modified version of the latter based on the revision of the neglected status, and a fourth system was based on the qualification scale by Maassen and Laandsheer. Results show a significant relation between all four classifications, but there are also differences among them. The classifications proceeding from the nomination technique share more similarities and also offer a better behavioural characterization of sociometric categories

Adolescencia, grupo de iguales y consumo de sustancias: Un estudio descriptivo y relacional

Esta investigación fue financiada gracias al Convenio de colaboración firmado entre el Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo (Dirección General de Salud Pública) y la Universidad de SevillaCon el objetivo de describir la frecuencia con la que chicos y chicas adolescentes escolarizados de entre 15 y 18 años consumen diferentes sustancias y de analizar la relación entre el tipo de amigos y tales consumos, se administró un cuestionario a 6821 chicos y chicas de todo el país. La muestra era representativa en cuanto a hábitat (rural/urbano), tipo de escolarización (pública o privada-concertada) y zona geográfica del país. Los resultados muestran que quienes consumen sustancias de uso frecuente en nuestro contexto (alcohol, tabaco y cannabis) tienen amigos que también realizan estos “consumos normativos”, mientras que quienes consumen sustancias infrecuentes (pegamentos, medicamentos, opiáceos) tienen amigos que, además de consumir esas mismas sustancias, realizan conductas antisociales. Se discuten los datos argumentando que el consumo de sustancias habituales en nuestra sociedad ha terminado formando parte de un sistema más amplio de ritos de transición a la adultez, mientras que el consumo de sustancias infrecuentes se revela como un indicador más de una posible vida marcada por dificultades y problemas de diversa índoleOur aim was to describe how frequently do 15 to 18 year old adolescents attending school engage in certain substance use, and to analyze the correspondence between this use behaviour and types of peers. A questionnaire was answered by 6,821 Spanish boys and girls. This was a representative sample regarding habitat (rural/urban), type of school attended (public or private) and country geographic area. Results show that adolescents who engage in the use of substances which are common within our context (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) have friends who also engage in this “normative use” behaviour; whereas infrequent substance users (glue, medical drugs, opiates) have friends who not only engage in the use of these substances, but also in antisocial behaviour. Data is discussed arguing that the use of substances which are common in our society has ended up being part of a greater system of rites of passage to adulthood, whereas the use of non frequent substances could be seen as another indicator of a life possibly marked by different problems and adversit

Analytical and Chemometric Characterization of Fino and Amontillado Sherries during Aging in Criaderas y Solera System

Fino and Amontillado are Sherry wines, produced in Marco de Jerez area (southern Spain), and aged in Criaderas y Solera system. Fino Sherry wine follows a biological aging process, under a veil of flor yeasts, while Amontillado Sherry wine shares the same biological aging firstly, followed by oxidative aging, which gives them special features. Organic acids, esters, higher alcohols, phenolic compounds and total dry extract of Sherries evolve during aging due to evaporation processes, physical-chemical reactions, wood contributions and microbiological activity. During aging, Sherry wines improve their organoleptic profile, as could be proved in the tasting sessions. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Factor Analysis with factor extraction using Principal Components of Sherry wines studied were carried out and natural groupings of the wines according to the type of aging and their age were observed. A strong correlation between the parameters analyzed and the aging of each wine has been seen in the Multiple Linear Regression studies, establishing two different models, one for each type of Sherry wine, that, with only four of all the variables studied estimated the wine age with more than 99% of confidence. This constitutes a useful tool to control the age of these Sherry wines in the winery.This research has been supported by the University of Cadiz and Bodegas Fundador, S.L.U. (ref.: OT2019/108, OT2020/128, OT2021/076). The authors wish to thank the University of Cadiz and Bodegas Fundador, S.L.U. for the industrial pre-doctoral contract TDI-8-18, granted to the author Maria Guerrero Chanivet

Comparative Evaluation of Brandy de Jerez Aged in American Oak Barrels with Different Times of Use

Brandy de Jerez is a European Geographical Indication for grape-derived spirits aged in oak casks that have previously contained any kind of Sherry wine and, therefore, are known as Sherry Casks (R). Wood compounds have a substantial influence in the quality of the brandies that are aged in the barrels. In the cellar, the barrels that have been used for many years to keep Sherry wine or other wine spirits are often used for this purpose. When wooden barrels are used for the first time, they release a large amount of compounds into the liquid contained in them. Such amount decreases over time but casks life cycle has remained unexplored until now. The present work has the aim to study the brandies obtained from the same wine spirit after two years ageing in three differently oak casks: namely new, 7 years of use (4 years containing Oloroso wine and 3 years containing wine spirits) and 32 years of use (8 years containing Oloroso wine and 24 years containing wine spirits). According to the results from our experiments, even after 32 years of use, the wood barrels still contribute to modify the organoleptic characteristics of brandy. Moreover, the brandies aged in used barrels were judged more balanced than those aged in new barrels

Analytical, Chemometric and Sensorial Characterization of Oloroso and Palo Cortado Sherries during Their Ageing in the Criaderas y Solera System

Oloroso and Palo Cortado are two types of sherry wines, produced in the Sherry Wine Region in Southern Spain, known as Marco de Jerez, where it is aged following the traditional Criaderas y Solera system. All of them are aged through oxidative ageing, even though the peculiar Palo Cortado Sherry wine is also aged biologically under a veil of flor yeasts in the first stage. Total dry extract, organic acids, aldehydes, esters, higher alcohols and phenolic compounds in these sherry wines evolve during their ageing as a consequence of evaporation and/or perspiration processes, chemical reactions, extraction of compounds from oakwood and microbiological activity. Sherry wines develop their characteristic organoleptic profile during their ageing, as could be proven through their tasting sessions. According to the sherry type, some natural groupings of the wines could be observed after their principal component analysis. Furthermore, by multiple linear regression methods, an important correlation between the parameters that were analyzed and the ageing of each specific wine has been confirmed, which allowed us to establish two different models, each corresponding to the sherry type in question. Only five of the variables that were investigated were required to successfully estimate each wine’s age at over 99% confidence. This represents a rather convenient tool for wineries to monitor the ageing of these sherry wines.29 página

Spain: social contexts and psychological adjustment in Spanish adolescents

The HBSC survey carried out in the Spring of 2006 had access to 21811 adolescent schoolboys and schoolgirls between 11 and 18 years of age. They came from various regions, belonged to families with a range of purchasing power and attended schools in both the private and public sectors. This study presents the most significant results regarding adolescent social relationships and mental health