Conteo microbiológico de heces en Cuyes alimentados a diferentes niveles de orégano en el balanceado

Background: Forage and feedstuff technologies with additives contributed to more efficient nutrition of herbivores. To evaluate the microbial content of feces from covies fed with forages and feedstuffs containing various levels of oregano. Materials and methods: This paper comprised two studies, one on El Romeral Farm, Guachapala Canton, the University of Cuenca, located on S 2o45’54”, W 78o42’58”, 2 254 m above sea level; and another at Molihers food processing factory, in Ochoa Leon, on S 2o49’48”, W 78o59’12”, 2 600 m above sea level. The control (T1) consisted of feeds for covies (Molihers); the other treatment (T2) was based on Phytogenics, at a rate of 2 kg/ton. Treatment 3 (T3), used phytogenics (3 kg/ton); whereas treatment 4 (T4) contained phytogenics (5 kg/ton). all the treatments contained 13.5% protein. A completely randomized experimental design was used, along with one-way ANOVA. The microbiological composition of feces was measured. Results: The fecal bacterial burden was reduced (P <0.05) using oregano, in comparison to the control. Conclusions: The nutrition of covies using alfalfa and feeds containing phytogenic additives such as oregano at 3 and 4 kg/t doses of the feed proved effective, the bacterial and parasitic counts in the feces were reduced due to the organic principles in the oregano supplemented. Key words: herbivores, diet, additives, coprology (Source: AGROVOC)Antecedentes: Las tecnologías de forrajes y balanceados con aditivos contribuyeron a una eficiente alimentación de herbívoros. El objetivo fue evaluar el contenido microbiano de heces cuyes, alimentados con forrajes y balanceados elaborados a diferentes niveles de Orégano. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizaron dos investigaciones, una en la Granja El Romeral, Cantón Guachapala, de la Universidad de Cuenca, en coordenadas S 2o45’54”, W 78o42’58” a 2254 msnm, y otra en la Fábrica de alimentos Molihers, en Ochoa León y coordenadas S 2o49’48”, W 78o59’12” a 2600 msnm. Se preparó el Testigo (T1), balanceado para cobayos Molihers; Tratamiento T2 con Fitogénicos 2 kg/tonelada; Tratamiento T3 con Fitogénicos 3 kg/tonelada, y Tratamiento T4 con Fitogénicos 5 kg/tonelada, los cuatro con 13,5% de proteína. Se utilizó un diseño Completamente Aleatorizado y Anova Simple. Se midió la composición microbiológica de heces. Resultados: Se redujo la carga bacteriana fecal (P <0,05) con orégano respecto al control. Conclusiones: Es posible la alimentación de cuyes con forraje de Alfalfa y balanceados con aditivos como el orégano en dosis de 3 y 4 kg/ t de balanceado, ya que se reducen conteos de bacterias y parásitos en heces, producto de efectos favorables de principios orgánicos contenidos en el orégano suplementado. Palabras clave: herbívoros, dietas, aditivos, coprología (Fuente: AGROVOC

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030