Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Mediates Cardioprotection by Remote Ischaemic Conditioning

AIMS: Although the nature of the humoral factor which mediates cardioprotection established by remote ischaemic conditioning (RIc) remains unknown, parasympathetic (vagal) mechanisms appear to play a critical role. As the production and release of many gut hormones is modulated by the vagus nerve, here we tested the hypothesis that RIc cardioprotection is mediated by the actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). METHODS AND RESULTS: A rat model of myocardial infarction (coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion) was used. Remote ischaemic pre- (RIPre) and perconditioning (RIPer) was induced by 15 min occlusion of femoral arteries applied prior to or during the myocardial ischaemia. The degree of RIPre and RIPer cardioprotection was determined in conditions of cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or following blockade of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) using specific antagonist Exendin(9-39). Phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and STAT3 was assessed. RIPre and RIPer reduced infarct size by ~50%. In conditions of bilateral cervical or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy RIPer failed to establish cardioprotection. GLP-1R blockade abolished cardioprotection induced by either RIPre or RIPer. Exendin(9-39) also prevented RIPre-induced AKT phosphorylation. Cardioprotection induced by GLP-1R agonist Exendin-4 was preserved following cervical vagotomy, but was abolished in conditions of M3 muscarinic receptor blockade. CONCLUSIONS: These data strongly suggest that GLP-1 functions as a humoral factor of remote ischaemic conditioning cardioprotection. This phenomenon requires intact vagal innervation of the visceral organs and recruitment of GLP-1R-mediated signalling. Cardioprotection induced by GLP-1R agonism is mediated by a mechanism involving M3 muscarinic receptors

A Study of the Relationship between the Sugar Content of Enzyme Converted Starch and Pick Values of a Coated Sheet

The purpose of this experiment was to convert starch by the use of enzyme. The conversion was carried out in a way to produce variations in the reducing sugar contents of the cooked starch. These starches were then applied as the adhesive in a coating mixture. Draw downs were made using the variety of coatings and then the sheets were tested for surface strength. The IGT Pick Tested was used. It was hoped that a definite relationship between sugar contents and pick values could be obtained. This, however, was not the case and the experiment would have to be considered inconclusive. Nevertheless, it was observed that at the greater enzyme additions and therefore the higher sugar contents the cooked starch was much less viscous. This was just an observation, though, and immaterial to the initial objective. It could possibly be an area for further research

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mediates cardioprotection by remote ischaemic conditioning

This work was supported by the British Heart Foundation (Ref: RG/14/4/30736), Medical Research Council (MR/N02589X/1) and The Wellcome Trust (Ref: 200893/Z/16/Z). A.V.G. is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow. S.M. is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research Fellow (Ref: 654691)

Solvent extraction properties of some BIS(DI-n-hexylphosphinyl) alkanes

A general comparison of the solvent extraction properties of some bidentate organophosphorus compounds with the structure 0 0 C6Hl3 P-(CH2)n -P (n-1, 2, 3, 4) C6Hl3 C6Hl3 is reported. The partition of mineral acids and the solvent extraction of uraniurn(VI), praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and thulium from nitrate, chloride and perchlorate media are considered. The cornplexing (in solution) of uraniurn(VI) nitrate by these bidentate ligands and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) was investigated by means of infrared - spectral data, partition studies and molar conductivity and viscosity measurements. Chemical analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance proton spectral data for water-saturated solutions of these organophosphorus compounds in an inert diluent are presented

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРИЧЕСКОЙ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ГИДРОУСИЛИТЕЛЯ РУЛЕВОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ МОБИЛЬНОЙ МАШИНЫ

An algorithm for forecasting parametric reliability of  hydraulic steering booster during its operation has been developed in the paper. Regression models of output characteristics allowing to determine a reserve  resource for two important devices of the steering booster, namely: flow regulator and control valve have been obtained in the paper. Stochastic characteristics of failure distribution  that may be used while estimating parameters of steering booster reliability are given in the paper.Разработан алгоритм прогнозирования параметрической надежности гидроусилителя рулевого управления в процессе его эксплуатации. Для двух важнейших устройств гидроусилителя – регулятора расхода и гидрораспределителя – получены регрессионные модели выходных характеристик, позволяющие определять остаточный ресурс. Приведены вероятностные характеристики распределения отказов, что может быть использовано при оценке показателей надежности гидроусилителя

Distinct cardioprotective mechanisms of immediate, early and delayed ischaemic postconditioning

Cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice can be achieved by delayed ischaemic postconditioning (IPost) applied as late as 30 min after the onset of reperfusion. We determined the efficacy of delayed IPost in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI) and investigated potential underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. Rats were subjected to 20, 30 or 45 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion (I/R). Immediate and early IPost included six cycles of I/R (10/10 s) applied 10 s or 10 min after reperfusion onset. In the second series of experiments, the rats were subjected to 30 min of coronary occlusion followed by IPost applied 10 s, 10, 30, 45 or 60 min after the onset of reperfusion. Immediate and early IPost (applied 10 s or 10 min of reperfusion) established cardioprotection only when applied after a period of myocardial ischaemia lasting 30 min. Delayed IPost applied after 30 or 45 min of reperfusion reduced infarct sizes by 36 and 41 %, respectively (both P < 0.01). IPost applied 60 min after reperfusion onset was ineffective. Inhibition of RISK pathway (administration of ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 or PI3K inhibitor LY-294002) abolished cardioprotection established by immediate IPost but had no effect on cardioprotection conferred by early IPost. Blockade of SAFE pathway using JAK/STAT inhibitor AG490 had no effect on the immediate or early IPost cardioprotection. Blockade of mitochondrial KATP (mitoKATP) channels (with 5-Hydroxydecanoate) abolished cardioprotection achieved by immediate and early IPost, but had no effect on cardioprotection when IPost was applied 30 or 45 min into the reperfusion period. Immediate IPost increased phosphorylation of PI3K-AKT and ERK1/2. Early or delayed IPost had no effect on phosphorylation of PI3K-AKT, ERK1/2 or STAT3. These data show that in the rat model, delayed IPost confers significant cardioprotection even if applied 45 min after onset of reperfusion. Cardioprotection induced by immediate and early postconditioning involves recruitment of RISK pathway and/or mitoKATP channels, while delayed postconditioning appears to rely on a different mechanism

Алгоритм решения многокритериальной задачи планирования производства труб и фасонных изделий

One of the modern directions of increase in economic efficiency of the enterprise is a production planning automation, including the automated scheduling of production. Introduction of ready program solutions for automated preparation of production schedules (APS, MES-systems) at enterprises is constrained by the complexity and high cost of adapting to the specific conditions of the enterprise, implementation and maintenance. The complexity of the problem is determined by a large number of product names, rapid changes in the operational environment and the need for clear interaction with the warehouse. The task is multicriterion as it is necessary to provide the maximum loading of each production line with a minimum of readjustments, and at the same time the schedule must comply with the terms of shipment of products, taking into account the availability of raw materials for production. Therefore, the authors have developed an algorithm and software that allow for an acceptable time to make an admissible, often optimal schedule for the production of preinsulated pipes and shaped products in batches with the individual completion of consistent service, taking into account production and technological limitations in SMITH-Yartsevo, Ltd (Russia). In this case, each group of products is divided into batches in accordance with the McNaughton rule (wrap around rule), and the resulting batches are distributed along the production lines. For the choice of the optimal schedule it is necessary to make several schedules with different values of the number of readjustments and select the one that best meets the criteria of the task.Одно из современных направлений повышения экономической эффективности предприятия – автоматизация планирования производства, в том числе автоматизированное составление расписания производства продукции. Внедрение готовых решений для автоматизированного составления производственных расписаний (APS, MES-системы) на предприятиях сдерживается сложностью и высокой стоимостью адаптации к условиям конкретного предприятия, внедрения и сопровождения. Сложность решаемой задачи обусловлена большим количеством наименований выпускаемой продукции, быстрым изменением оперативной обстановки и необходимостью четкого взаимодействия со складом. Задача является многокритериальной, поскольку необходимо обеспечить максимальную загрузку каждой производственной линии для выпуска продукции при минимальном количестве переналадок, при этом в расписании должны быть соблюдены сроки отгрузки продукции с учетом наличия исходных материалов для выпуска. Поэтому авторами разработаны алгоритм и программное обеспечение, позволяющие за приемлемое время составить допустимое, часто и оптимальное расписание производства ПИ-трубы и фасонных изделий партиями, с индивидуальным завершением последовательного обслуживания, с учетом производственных и технологических ограничений в ООО «СМИТ-Ярцево» (Россия). При этом выполняется разбиение каждой группы изделий на партии в соответствии с правилом Макнотона (wrap around rule или «правило обертки»), и производится распределение полученных партий по производственным линиям. Для выбора оптимального расписания необходимо составить несколько расписаний с различными значениями числа переналадок, и выбрать из них то, которое в наибольшей степени удовлетворяет критериям задачи

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ ТЕПЛООБМЕНА ПРИ ВЫНУЖДЕННОЙ КОНВЕКЦИИ ВОЗДУХА ВО ВНУТРЕННИХ КАНАЛАХ ПЛОСКИХ ТРУБ

The paper describes an installation and methods of experimental studies concerning heat transfer processes under forced air convection in internal channels of the flat pipes, which allow to take measurements of heat transfer intensity. The paper presents measurements of heat transfer intensity in respect of pipes with separate ribs of small height and pipes with channels, communicating with the help of round holes.Описаны установка и методика экспериментальных исследований процессов теплоотдачи при вынужденной конвекции воздуха во внутренних каналах плоских труб, которые позволяют проводить измерения интенсивности теплообмена. Приведены результаты измерений интенсивности теплообмена для труб с отдельными ребрами малой высоты и труб с каналами, сообщающихся при помощи круглых отверстий