Influence des zones agroécologiques sur les paramètres biologiques de Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera-Bruchidea), ravageurs des graines du niébé (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) au Niger

Au cours de cette étude, les paramètres biologiques de Callosobruchus maculatus provenant de différentes zones agro-écologiques du Niger sont déterminés. Pour cela, des souches de C. maculatus ont été collectées dans 4 localités représentant chacune une zone agro-écologique. L’analyse des résultats obtenus montre que quelle que soit la souche, la longévité des adultes de cette espèce ne dépasse guère 7 jours. Par contre, la fécondité est significativement plus importante pour les souches provenant de la zone sahélienne que pour celles provenant des autres zones  agroécologiques. Par ailleurs, L’évolution des pontes montre que quelle que soit la souche, plus de 96% des oeufs sont pondus pendant les  quatre premiers jours de l’infestation. En outre, les souches se  caractérisent par un taux de fertilité des oeufs relativement important et une durée d’éclosion des oeufs peu variable. La durée de développement est relativement plus élevée chez les souches de la zone du fleuve (33 jours) que chez celles de la zone saharienne et sahélienne (30 jours). Le taux de survie larvaire et le taux d’émergence sont plus importants pour les souches de la zone sahélo-soudanienne (Gaya) et sahélienne (Tarna) que pour celles originaires des zones saharo-sahélienne et saharienne.Mots clés: Niébé (Vigna unguiculata), Callosobruchus maculatus,  Paramètres biologiques, zones agroécologiques, Niger

Accessibility to the drinking water sources in Burkina Faso: the case study of Toessin and Bonogo villages

In Africa, accessibility to drinking water is major problem for rural population. This study analyzes accessibility to the drinking water source in two villages in Burkina Faso. Data were obtained from household’s surveys. In total, 221 households have been surveyed. Data analysis method is based on water accessibility of World Health Organization & United Nations Children Fund (2017) and Howard & Bartram (2003) approach. Results show that in Toessin village, more than half of the households have improved service or intermediate access to wells, whereas a small percentage have access to boreholes. Slightly over half of the households have a low service or a minimal access for the same quantities of water and sources. No household falls under the limited service state or does not have access to wells, whereas small number of the families do not have access to boreholes. In the Bonogo village, nearly one third of households have improved service or intermediate access to boreholes and a very small number of household have intermediate access to wells. The majority of the Bonogo household’s access to boreholes fall under the basic service or a minimal access category, whereas accessibility to wells under the same category constitute slightly over half of the household. However, only a very small number of household in Bonogo have a limited service or do not have access at boreholes and wells. Overall, in terms of accessibility to drinking water sources, the majority of households in Toessin falls under the improved service or intermediate/minimal access for wells, whilst in Bonogo, most households fall under the basic service or minimal access to boreholes. It is necessary to dig new boreholes in Toessin in order to improve access to the drinking water

Effect of solar drying on the biological parameters of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera-Bruchinae), in Sahelian area.

Objective: Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchinae) is a major pest of cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in the Sahelian zone. The grain infestation by this insect pest starts in the field at the beginning of fructification of the plant and continues in storage where the damage can be significant if no protective measures are taken. In order to prevent the damage caused by C. maculatus in storage of cowpea, farmers commonly expose the seeds and pods to the sun radiations for several days before storing them. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of sun radiation on the egg laying and development of weevils in general and particularly C. maculatus.Methodology and results: To achieve this goal, experiments were conducted to determine the biological parameters of two batches of this pest respectively exposed to sun radiations and in the laboratory environment. The investigated parameters include longevity, fertility, infertility rate, eggs, development time, larval survival rate and emergence rate. This study results indicated that the different biological parameters studied were significantly affected when the insects were reared under sun radiations. In fact, it appears under this study experimental conditions that sun exposure significantly inhibits egg laying, embryonic development and postembryonic development of C. maculatus resulting in complete inhibition of the emergence of the offspring.Conclusion and application of results: Thus, solar drying seems to be an effective method of preventing weevil damage during cowpea storage.Keywords: Cowpea; Callosobruchus maculatus; solar drying; Sahelian area

Bilan d’un an d’activite de neurochirurgie au Chu Kara

Introduction:  Le service de neurochirurgie du CHU Kara, 2ème au Togo, après celui de Lomé, situé à 430 Km. Après un an d’exercice, les auteurs font le bilan de leur activité neurochirurgicale. Patients et Méthode : Etude rétrospective, analytique et descriptive portant sur tous les patients qui ont été pris en charge dans le service de neurochirurgie. Les données démographiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques avaient été recueillies et analysées. Résultats : 471 patients avaient été pris en charge dont 198 femmes. La moyenne d’âge était de 37 ans avec des extrêmes allant de 04 jours à 85 ans. Le traumatisme crânien par accident de circulation à moto était le motif le plus fréquent de consultation. 18 patients étaient venus du Benin. 296 scanners avaient été réalisés en tout dont 229 au Benin. Sur 128 patients à évacuer sur la capitale, seuls 59 patients avaient pu être évacués. L’indication opératoire avait été posée pour 279 patients mais seulement 36 dont 15 femmes, se sont faits opérer. Les autres pour la majorité, ne sont jamais arrivés chez l’anesthésiste. 04 décès avaient été enregistrés en réanimation chirurgicale avant leurs évacuations sur Lomé.Conclusion : La pratique neurochirurgicale à Kara est très récente à Kara. Ilfaudra du temps et un travail de qualité malgré les conditions difficiles pourgagner la confiance des populations. Mots clés : bilan activité, neurochirurgie, Kara English Abstract: Assessment of one year of neurosurgery activity at Chu Kara Introduction: The neurosurgery department of CHU Kara, the second in neurosurgery in Togo, after that of the capital Lomé, located 430 km away. After a year of practice, the authors take stock of their neurosurgical activity. Patients and Method: Retrospective, analytical and descriptive study of all the patients who were treated in department of neurosurgery. Demographic, clinical and therapeutic data had been collected and analyzed. Results: 471 patients had been treated including 198 women. The average age was 37 years with extremes ranging from 04 days to 85 years. Head trauma from motorbike traffic accident was the most common reason for consultation. 18 patients had come from Benin. A total of 296 scanners were carried out, including 229 in Benin. Out of 128 patients to be evacuated to the capital, only 59 patients had been evacuated. The indication for surgery had been asked for 279 patients but only 36, including 15 women, had surgery. Most of the others never made it to the anesthesiologist. 04 deaths had been recorded in surgical resuscitation before their evacuations to Lomé. Conclusion: Neurosurgical practice in Kara is very recent in Kara. It will take time and quality work, despite the difficult conditions, to gain the trust of the populations. Keywords: activity assessment, neurosurgery, kar