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Redistribution of mineral elements in wheat grain when applying the complex enzyme preparations based on phytase

Biogenic minerals play an important role in the whole human nutrition, but they are included in the grain of the phytates that reduces their bioavailability. Whole wheat bread is generally considered a healthy food, but the presence of mineral elements in it is insignificant, because of weak phytate degradation. From all sources of exogenous phytase the most productive are microscopic fungi. To accelerate the process of transition hard mineral elements are mobilized to implement integrated cellulolytic enzyme preparation based on the actions of phytase (producer is Penicillium canescens). Phytase activity was assessed indirectly by the rate of release of phosphate from the substrate. It has been established that the release rate of the phosphoric acid substrate is dependent on the composition of the drug and the enzyme complex is determined by the presence of xylanase. The presented experimental data shows that a cellulase treatment of the grain in conjunction with the β-glucanase or xylanase leading to an increase in phytase activity could be 1.4 - 2.3 times as compared with the individual enzymes. As a result of concerted action of enzymes complex preparation varies topography grain, increase the pore sizes in seed and fruit shells that facilitate the penetration of the enzyme phytase in the aleurone layer to the site of phytin hydrolysis and leads to an increase in phytase activity. In terms of rational parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis, the distribution of mineral elements in the anatomical parts of the grain after processing complex enzyme preparation with the help of X-ray detector EMF miniCup system in a scanning electron microscope JEOL JSM 6390 were investigated. When processing enzyme preparation wheat trend in the distribution of mineral elements, characteristic of grain - the proportion of these elements in the aleurone layer decreases, and in the endosperm increases. Because dietary fiber and phytate found together in the peripheral layers of fiber-rich grains, it is difficult to separate the effects of degradation processes nonstarch polysaccharides and fiberphytate redistribution of polyvalent metal ions. However, studies have shown that phytase - an effective mechanism for regulating mineral nutrient diet. Application of phytase in grain bakery technology will increase the biological value of the product.  

Composition and microstructure alteration of triticale grain surface after processing by enzymes of cellulase complex

It is found that the pericarp tissue of grain have considerable strength and stiffness, that has an adverse effect on quality of whole-grain bread. Thereby, there exists the need for preliminary chemical and biochemical processing of durable cell walls before industrial use. Increasingly used in the production of bread finds an artificial hybrid of the traditional grain crops of wheat and rye - triticale, grain which has high nutritional value. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of cellulose complex (Penicillium canescens) enzymes on composition and microstructure alteration of triticale grain surface, for grain used in baking. Triticale grain was processed by cellulolytic enzyme preparations with different composition (producer is Penicillium canescens). During experiment it is found that triticale grain processing by enzymes of cellulase complex leads to an increase in the content of water-soluble pentosans by 36.3 - 39.2%. The total amount of low molecular sugars increased by 3.8 - 10.5 %. Studies show that under the influence of enzymes the microstructure of the triticale grain surface is changing. Microphotographs characterizing grain surface structure alteration in dynamic (every 2 hours) during 10 hours of substrate hydrolysis are shown. It is found that the depth and direction of destruction process for non-starch polysaccharides of grain integument are determined by the composition of the enzyme complex preparation and duration of exposure. It is found, that xylanase involved in the modification of hemicelluloses fiber having both longitudinal and radial orientation. Hydrolysis of non-starch polysaccharides from grain shells led to increase of antioxidant activity. Ferulic acid was identified in alcoholic extract of triticale grain after enzymatic hydrolysis under the influence of complex preparation containing cellulase, xylanase and β-glucanase. Grain processing by independent enzymes containing in complex preparation (xylanase and β-glucanase) shows that more significant role in polysaccharide complex composition and grain surface microstructure alteration belongs to xylanase. Grain processing by independent of cellulolytic enzymes may decrease the strength of pericarp tissue of grain and improved sensory characteristics of the bread

Morphological and anatomical characterization of Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (C3) and Amaranthus tricolor L. (C4) leaves

Received: February 1st, 2022 ; Accepted: March 27th, 2022 ; Published: April 27th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] and anatomical features of new cultivars with photosynthesis of C3 (Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. cv. ‘Narodnaya’) and C4 (Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. ‘Valentina’) were established by light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as energy-dispersive analysis. The leaf lamina of Actinidia kolomikta cv. ‘Narodnaya’ has a dorsoventral anatomical structure, anomocytic stomata on the abaxial epidermis and two types of trichomes: multicellular, uniseriate hairs and multicellular bristle-like protrusions, containing raphids. The needle-like raphides are located in subepidermal layers along the veins. A vascular system of petiole consists of two upper concentric bundles and the crescentic vascular strand. A starch sheat is present. Raphides (needle-shaped and rectangular) are located in phloem and cortical parenchyma cells, contain Ca, K, Mg, P and Si. The leaf lamina of Amaranthus tricolor cv. ‘Valentina’ have the kranz-anatomy, dorsiventral mesophyll and contain druses. Betacyanins are concentrated in the epidermis and mesophyll, but are not present in the bundle sheath. The number of vascular bundles in petioles is odd-numbered and variable (from 5 to 13). Trichomes are multicellular, uniseriate, ending in a large oval cell. Cells with betacyanins are present in the epidermis cortex, and, rarely, the collenchyma and phloem of the petiole. Cells with betaxanthins are absent. A starch sheat is brightly pigmented with betacyanins. The crystall sand is deposited in the parenchyma cells of the cortex and pith of the petiole and contains Ca (mainly) and K oxalates. Druses in the leaf lamina additionally contain Mg and P

Stock Influence on Growth, Morphological and Biochemical Leaf Parameters <em>Prunus domestica</em> L.

Vegetation growth peculiarities and morphological and physical-biochemical features of Prunus domestica L. Utro and Yaichnaya Sinyaya varieties leaves grafted on different growing strength rootstocks were studied. Low-growing clonal rootstocks 140–1 and Novinka decreased the trees growing strength on 15–20% in comparison with strong-growing stocks; medium-growing rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 reduced it on 10%. The longest growing activity and the largest sprouts length was stated on these rootstocks as well, i.e. 1.3–1.4 times more than on other ones. Stable sprouts average length decrease was registered on grafted stocks 140–1 and Novinka. Leaf surface index value on the trees grafted on clonal rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 was on 40% higher than on control, i.e. 4.3 leaves m2/crown projection area m2. Optimal values of total increment, sprouts average length, leaves area and the largest part of physiological-biochemical parameters were stated at medium-growing clonal rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 use. Plum leaves blades were hypostomatic; numerous stomata were located on the abaxial (bottom) side of leaves. Stomata were located in interveinal space irregularly. Stomata length size varied from 14.6 μm (Utro/seedlings) to 22.1 μm (Yaichnaya Sinyaya/OP-23-23). The rootstock has influence on the process of photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, accumulation of minerals and metabolic answerin the leaves

Mineral composition of amaranth (Amaranthus L.) seeds of vegetable and grain usage by ARHIVBSP selection

The questions of the practical usage of the analytical scanning electron microscope JSM 600 LA by JEOL company (Japan) with EDS system - microanalysis for the studying of the ash elemental composition of seeds 9 breeds (Vegetable and Grain application) 4 species genus Amaranthus L. - A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. caudatus, A. tricolor. Plant seeds by Federal center of vegetable production selection were envisaged. We studied the concentration of 14 basic elements (in weight %) contained in the mineral part of amaranth seeds. In the amaranth seeds of vegetable forms the accumulation order of the elements is the following: Ca &gt;K &gt;P &gt;Mg &gt;Si &gt;Se &gt;Fe &gt;Mo ≈ S ≈ Cl ≈ Zn &gt;Na &gt;Al. In the seeds of the grain forms the order is different: К &gt;P &gt;Ca &gt;Si &gt;Se &gt;Mg &gt;Fe &gt;Na &gt;Mo &gt;Cl ≈ S ≈ Mn ≈ Zn ≈ Al. The amaranth seeds of the grain forms are rich in macro - and microelements. P, K, Cl and S in the seeds of the grain forms are accumulated on 50, 37, 15 and 5% more and Si, Fe and Al in 2.6 and 1.8 times more than in the vegetable forms seeds. The breeds with the high concentration of the elements are recommended for using in the selection process. The elevated level of the essential macro- and microelements such as Ca, K, P, Mg, Mo, S and Cl stipulates the perspective of the functional products creation on the base of the studied amaranth seeds for the enrichment of the food stuffs

Alteration of biochemical parameters and microstructure of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain in process of germination

Biochemical parameters alteration of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain in process of germination was studied. It was found that during germination of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain within 24 hours the content of ascorbic acid, thiamine, nicotinic acids, pantothenic acids and routine was increased. The peptide composition of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain was studied by gel electrophoresis. The most significant alteration of reserve globulins structure are observed during germination phase from 20 till 24 hours. New low-molecular polypeptides appear during above mentioned period, that indicates embryonic awakening and synthesis of new protein compounds, mainly hydrolases. The process of proteolysis during germination of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain promotes a content increase of soluble fractions and sum of albumins and globulins. There is a significant decrease of insoluble protein residue during germination phase change. Chromatographic method was used to determine the change of carbohydrate composition of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grains during germination. It was established that the content of total carbohydrates amount in grain extracts increases. Electron scanning microscopy revealed that after 12 hours germination of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain, swelling of starch grains and minor damage of their packaging in endosperm are observed. After 24 hours, endosperm of germinated grain significantly changed microstructure: starch grains and components of protein matrix had a vague outline, grain disintegration was observed. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of alcohol extract from Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain germinated during 24 hours showed that percentage of DPPG free radicals inhibition increases with process prolongation. Thus, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench grain germinated within 24 hours is characterized by a high content of biologically active substances and can be used in food technologies for functional products development.</div

The field and laboratory study of the collection samples of onion breed Allium cepa L.

Thirteen collection samples of Allium cepa L. of different ecology-geographical origin grown in the Crimea conditions are given. Morphometric characteristics of the bulbs - the form index, the diameter, the height, the weight, the thickness and the quantity of rich skins are analyzed. The greatest output of standart production (90 - 95.6%) was observed for all breeds. The biochemical values of the Allium cepa L. samples under study were examined by the traditional methods. It is marked that the dry substances, the sugars sum, the mono- and disaccharides in the majority of the samples exceed the standart (Yaltinsky rubin) on 14 - 39%, 11 - 48% and 36 - 150% correspondently. The samples with the high concentration of essential oil are singled out: Yaltinsky rubin (Crimea), Tavrichesky (Crimea), Blood red flat (Netherlands) and Brown Beauty (USA) - 4.5, 6.2, 5.6 and 4.4% correspondently. The microsculpture of Allium cepa L. leaf was studied by the method of raster electron mi-croscopy and the essential breed differences of the stomata quantity and their arrangement towards the leaf level were distinguished. The results of electron-microscopic research indicate the different level of Allium cepa L. samples adaptability. Allium cepa L. samples under study of the southern subspecies are recommended for the development of the new breeds with the advanced nutritional qualities

ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ КОРНЕПЛОДНЫХ ОВОЩНЫХ КУЛЬТУР В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО РЕГИОНА РОССИИ

As a result of the research carried out in 2013-2016, the viability and originality of 1157 accessions of root vegetables have been preserved. 250 breeding accessions of carrot, beetroot and radish have been assessed for different economically valuable traits in open field and laboratory tests. Out of them, 65 accessions were selected out as sources of economically valuable traits. The early-maturing accessions of radish, such as ‘Korsar’, ‘Francuzsky Zavtrak’, ‘Mikhnevsky 1’, ‘18 Dney’, ‘Koroleva Margo’, ‘Polyna’, ‘Rozovo-Krasny s Belym Konchikom’, ‘Sofit’, ‘Kvarta’, ‘Saksa’, ‘Variant’ were regarded. The carrot accessions, such as ‘Scarlet’, ‘Koroleva Oseni’, ‘Dlinnaya Krasnaya’ were distinguished as sources of high yield capacity. The sources of high root yield in beetroot were varieties: ‘Valenta’, ‘Mestnaya iz Madagaskara’, Goldiers Super Black Beet, Zwaans Early Red Chief. The long shelf-life during wintertime was observed in beetroot varieties: ‘Slowiblot’, ‘Valenta’, ‘Lomarina’. The varieties: ‘Nevezhes’, ‘Neger Schwarz Halblange’, ‘Goldiers Super Black Beet’ were distinguished by high root marketability. With the use of world plant collection at VIR, the following varieties of root vegetables: ‘Dar Podmoskovya’ in carrot; ‘Osennya Princessa’ in beetroot; ‘Mikhnevskiy 1 ‘in garden radish; ‘Osenniy Krasavets’ in daikon; ‘Albina’ in root parsley; ‘Atlant’ in parsnip; Moscowskiy Krasavets in celery, and ‘Oseniya Udacha’ in wild radish were developed. It was also shown those varieties that had high yield capacity and root marketability were distinguished by small epidermal cell structure and large number of stomata per unit of leaf surface. It may be supposed that the large number of stomata per unit of leaf surface and small epidermal cell structure was the evidence of adaptive capacity of accessions taken for the study. В результате проведенных исследований в 2013-2016 годах поддержана жизнеспособность и подлинность 1157 образцов корнеплодных овощных культур. В полевых и лабораторных условиях по различным хозяйственно ценным признакам изучено 250 образцов моркови, свеклы столовой и редиса. Выделено 65 источников хозяйственно ценных признаков для селекции. Выделены скороспелые образцы редиса Корсар, Французский завтрак, Михневский 1, 18 дней, Королева Марго, Поляна, Розово-красный с белым кончиком, Софит, Кварта, Сакса, Вариант. В результате изучения коллекции моркови выделены источники высокой урожайности корнеплодов сорта Скарлет, Королева Осени, Красная длинная. У коллекционных образцов свеклы столовой выделились источники высокой урожайности корнеплодов сорта Валента, Местная из Мадагаскара, Goldiers Super black beet, Zwaans Early Red Chief. Хорошая лежкость корнеплодов в период зимнего хранения была у сортов свеклы столовой Slowiblot, Валента, Lomarina. Высокой товарностью корнеплода отличались сорта Невежес, Neger schwarz Halblange, Goldiers Super black beet. С использованием образцов из мировой коллекции ВИР созданы сорта корнеплодных овощных культур: моркови столовой Дар Подмосковья, свеклы столовой Осенняя принцесса, редиса Михневский 1, дайкона Осенний красавец, петрушки корневой Альбина, пастернака Атлант, сельдерея Московский красавец, редьки Осенняя удача. Установлено, что сорта, которые имели высокую урожайность и товарность корнеплодов, отличались мелкоклеточной структурой эпидермиса и большим количеством устьиц на единицу площади листа. Можно предположить, что мелкоклеточная структура эпидермиса листа и большое количество устьиц на единицу площади листа свидетельствует о высокой адаптивной способности изученных образцов.

Influence of drinking regime on the plasma glucose level for patients with insulin-nondependent type 2 diabetes mellitus

Optimal drinking regime influences on the plasma glucose level in patients with insulin-nondependent type 2 diabetes mellitus with fixed water consumption deficiency during the diet maintaining and oral antihyperglycemic therapy has been assessed. 103 people: 21 men (20,4%) and 82 women (79,6%) took part in the research. The average age of the group was 64,7±3,2 (men – 61,1±1,01, women – 68,3±5,4). The research for each patient continued for 10 days, in the first 5 days we observed for the volume of the drunk water. If the deficiency of drunk water was found out the patients were offered to the lacking volume with warm boiled water. The deficiency of water for each patient was calculated by this formula: «42,9 (ml) Х weight (kg) – the average patient’s volume of drunk water for 5 days (ml)». The deficiency of the volume of drunk water was 2101,3 in average R (range) [1902,9; 3119,3] ml. The optimal water regime in the group of patients with insulin-nondependent type 2 diabetes mellitus led to depression of the average glucose level of blood plasma. Also it helped to stabilize the glucose level during a day.В работе проведена оценка влияния оптимального питьевого режима на уровень глюкозы плазмы крови у больных инсулино-независимым сахарным диабетом 2 типа с установленным дефицитом потребления жидкости на фоне поддержания диеты и приема гипогликемической терапии. В исследовании приняло участие 103 человека: 21 мужчина (20,4%) и 82 женщины (79,6%). Средний возраст исследуемой группы составил 64,7±3,2 (мужчины – 61,1±1,01; женщины – 68,3±5,4). Исследование для каждого больного проводилось в течение 10 дней, за первые 5 из которых осуществлялось наблюдение за количеством потребляемой жидкости, после, при выявленном дефиците, пациенты переходили на этап вмешательства, где им было предложено добирать недостающий объем теплой кипяченой водой. расчет дефицита потребления жидкости для каждого пациента производился следующим образом: «42,9 (мл) Х массу тела (кг) – средний объем потребляемой жидкости у данного пациента за 5 дней (мл)». Таким образом, дефицит объема выпиваемой жидкости в среднем составил 2101,3 R (размах) [1902,9; 3119,3] мл. оптимальный питьевой режим у исследуемой группы больных инсулинонезависимым сахарным диабетом 2 типа привел к снижению среднего уровня глюкозы плазмы крови (несмотря на отсутствие статистического различия в определенные периоды, четко прослеживается положительная тенденция), а также позволил стабилизировать его в течение суток, избегая значимых перепадов концентрации