A Comprehensive Review on Infectious Bursal Disease Which Has Serious Threat for Ethiopian Poultry Sector

The infectious bursal disease is an acute, highly contagious, and economically important immunosuppressive viral disease of growing chickens which is highly prevalent in most poultry producing regions of the world. The disease is caused by infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV) which belongs to the genus Avibirnavirus, and in the family Birnaviridae. The genome of the virus contains two segments of double-stranded RNA which can encode important structural and nonstructural viral proteins. VP2 protein is the major antigen that stimulates host protective immune response and contains independent epitopes accountable for the induction of neutralizing antibodies in chickens. There are two distinct serotypes of the virus which is nominated as serotype 1 and 2. Only serotype 1virus is pathogenic in chickens while serotype 2 virus is nonpathogenic. IBD has become a major constraint in the poultry industry following the reemergence of IBDV in the form of antigenic variants that are responsible for a high mortality rate of young chickens. Following the introduction of the disease in Ethiopia, 45-50% mortality rate was recorded in 20-45 days old broilers and layer chickens. Regular outbreaks and the occurrence of novel strains of IBDV became a serious threat and challenge to the growing poultry sector in Ethiopia. Therefore, this review article gives updated /current scientific information on IBD virus concerning the pathogenesis, antigenic variants, epidemiology, and different diagnostic techniques to point out the control and prevention direction of the disease. To combile different research outcomes from various sites and the status of the disease in Ethiopia. Finally to highlight the economic significance in the young flourishing poultry industry in the country, and to draw recommendations for effective control and prevention measures. Keywords: Bursa Fabricius, Infectious bursal disease, Chickens, immunosuppressive, vaccination, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-5-01 Publication date:March 31st 202

Assessment of Schools Spatial Distribution and Identifying Suitable Areas by Using GIS Technology: In Case of Debre Markos Town North Western Ethiopia

Schools need be located on safe places; these safe locations should also be optimal and economical to the public in terms of accountability. Location of these schools has always been done without use of any scientific methods and has led to sprouting of schools located in unsuitable locations. To enhance an academic excellence and identify better school site this study applied GIS technology in Debre Markos Town, Ethiopia. In Debre Markos many schools characterized concentrate in centres, vulnerable for natural risk like flooding, near to noise areas, markets and rivers. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial distribution pattern, conformity of both national and international standards and indicate the future suitable areas of new school sites based on national and international standards of public primary and secondary schools in Debre Markos Town. Debre Markos Town lcated in the North-Western Part of Ethiopia. In Debre Markos Town populated more than 95,000 residents and 18 public primary and secondary schools. This study used both primary and secondary GIS data including filed survey, quick bird images, population and high-resolution satellite images from google earth. These data took form EMA (Ethiopian Mapping Agency, Debre Markos Town Municipality. Arcgis 10.4.1, DNGarmin and Google Earth used as a software packages for different geo-processing application and data calibration. The method totally used national and international standards to assess distribution, conformity and identify the suitable new school sites. The result revealed that 89% schools are located less than two kilometres far away than other schools and 11% are schools far away more than two kilometres than other schools. Around 11 or 61% schools located with 450 meters distance of road facilities the remaining 7 s or 39% schools are located far more than 450 meters from road facilities. Endemata Primary School is the most unsuitable schools compare with to other schools. It was near to market centre, Wuseta River and noise area.  For the future, not only schools but also other public facilities should apply national and international standard before the construction of schools and other public facilities. Foo the establishment and implementation of new school sites GIS ha a vital role. Therefore, the government and urban planners should apply GIS technology to identify the suitable school site.

Khat Chewing and Mental Distress: A Community Based Study, in Jimma City, Southwestern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Khat (Catha edulis) contains a psychoactive substance, cathinone, which produces central nervous system stimulation analogous to amphetamine. It is believed that khat chewing has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of individuals as well as the socioeconomic condition of the family and the society at large. There is lack of community based studies regarding the link between khat use and poor mental health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between khat use and mental distress and to determine the prevalence of mental distress and khat use in Jimma City. METHODS: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in Jimma City from October 15 to November 15, 2009. The study used a structured questionnaire and Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 designed by WHO and which has been translated into Amharic and validated in Ethiopia. By multi stage sampling, 1200 individuals were included in the study. Data analysis was done using SPSS for window version 13. RESULTS: The Khat use prevalence was found to be 37.8% during the study period. Majority of the khat users were males (73.5%), age group 18-24 (41.1%), Muslims (46.6%), Oromo Ethnic group (47.2%), single (51.4%), high school students (46.8%) and employed (80%). Using cut-off point 7 out of 20 on the Self Reporting Questionnaire-20, 25.8% of the study population was found to have mental distress. Males (26.6%), persons older than 55 years (36.4%), Orthodox Christians (28.4%), Kefficho Ethnic groups (36.4%), widowed (44.8%), illiterates (43.8%) and farmers (40.0%) had higher rates of mental distress. We found that mental distress and khat use have significant association (34.7% Vs 20.5%,

Sexual Practices and Their Development Pattern Among Jimma University Students

BACKGROUND: Traditional views of sexual behaviors are frequently changing as the factors influencing them are changing. Therefore, assessing sexual practices that are not part of the tradition would be necessary. The objective of this study was to identify the types of sexual practices, their development pattern and how these development patterns expose students to sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 1986 (1612 males, 365 females, and with 9 subjects’ gender not indicated) Jimma university students in August 2009 with their age ranging from 17-45 years (median = 20). Quantitative data was collected using a piloted, precoded questionnaire and qualitative data was collected from six focus group discussions. Logistic regression and descriptive statistics were computed and qualitative findings were triangulated with quantitative findings. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Practice of penile to vaginal intercourse, masturbation, kissing, oral sex, and anal sex were reported by 567 (28.9%), 688 (36.7%), 840 (42.4%), 179 (9.2%) and 83 (4.3%) of the respondents, respectively. Respondents had two years (one year with and one year without condom) of sexual experience before marriage. Sixty percent of those who had sexual experience were exposed to sexually transmitted infections and 46.6% were exposed to both unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Forty seven percent of those who practiced oral sex and 29% of those who practiced anal sex did not consider their acts as sexual intercourse. Conclusions: University students are high risk groups that need more focused research and concerted health care. The term ‘sexual intercourse’ should be consciously defined for its future use in Ethiopia. Furthermore, Service providers and researchers should address all types of sexual practices

Boy/Girl Friend and Virginity Values, and Stigma Related to Condom Among Jimma University Students

BACKGROUND: Traditional views of sexual behaviors are frequently changing as the factors influencing them are changing. Therefore, assessing sexual practices that are not part of the tradition would be necessary. The objective of this study was to identify the types of sexual practices, their development pattern and how these development patterns expose students to sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 1986 (1612 males, 365 females, and with 9 subjects’ gender not indicated) Jimma university students in August 2009 with their age ranging from 17-45 years (median = 20). Quantitative data was collected using a piloted, precoded questionnaire and qualitative data was collected from six focus group discussions. Logistic regression and descriptive statistics were computed and qualitative findings were triangulated with quantitative findings. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Practice of penile to vaginal intercourse, masturbation, kissing, oral sex, and anal sex were reported by 567 (28.9%), 688 (36.7%), 840 (42.4%), 179 (9.2%) and 83 (4.3%) of the respondents, respectively. Respondents had two years (one year with and one year without condom) of sexual experience before marriage. Sixty percent of those who had sexual experience were exposed to sexually transmitted infections and 46.6% were exposed to both unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Forty seven percent of those who practiced oral sex and 29% of those who practiced anal sex did not consider their acts as sexual intercourse. Conclusions: University students are high risk groups that need more focused research and concerted health care. The term ‘sexual intercourse’ should be consciously defined for its future use in Ethiopia. Furthermore, Service providers and researchers should address all types of sexual practices

Magnitude of Anemia and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Shalla Woreda, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is a common problem in developing countries and affects both the mother’s and her child’s health. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of and the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women.Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted from June to August, 2011 on 374 pregnant women. Mothers who came for ANC during the study period and who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed and a capillary blood sample was taken. Hemoglobin level was determined by using HemoCue photometer, and interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were cleaned, coded and fed into SPSS version 16.0 for analysis.Result: The mean hemoglobin concentration was 12.05 + 1.5 g/dl and prevalence of anemia was 36.6%. Family sizes (COR=2.67, CI (1.65, 4.32), third trimester (COR=1.45, CI (1.11, 2.23), meat consumption <1x/wk (COR=3.47, CI (1.58, 7.64) and pica (COR=2.33, CI (1.52, 3.58) were significantly associated with anemia. Having five or more children (AOR=5.2, CI [1.29, 21.09]), intake of vegetables and fruits less than once per day (AOR= 6.7, CI [2.49, 17.89]), intake of tea always after meal (AOR = 12.83.CI [45-28.9]), and recurrence of illness during pregnancy (AOR=7.3, CI [2.12-25.39]) were factors associated with anemia.Conclusion: This study showed that anemia is a moderate public health problem. Less frequent meat and vegetable consumption, parity ≥5 are risk factors for anemia. Therefore, reducing parity, taking balanced diet and use of mosquito nets during pregnancy are recommended.Keywords: Hemoglobin, Anemia, Pregnancy, AN

Association between Khat Chewing and Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a psycho-stimulant substance grown in East Africa. But its adverse effects and its prevalence are not well studied. The main aim of the present study is thus to assess the association between khat chewing and GI problems among students in Ambo University.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in January 2010 on 1005 Ambo University students. Study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling technique, and data were collected using self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was made using SPSS version 16.0 for windows package.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 20.79 ± 1.39 ranging from 18-30 years. Seven hundred twenty (71.6 %) of the study participants were males and 994 (98.9%) were in the age group of 15- 24 years. The prevalence of gastritis was 580 (57.7%); constipation 235 (23.4%); hemorrhoids 54 (5.4%) and that of dental problems (carries, decay, filling and extraction) was 225 (22.4%) of all study participants. Gastrointestinal disorders were found to be higher among khat chewers, where 64(36.2%) of them had dental problems; 127(71.8%) symptoms of gastritis; 86(48.6%) constipation and 26(14.7%) hemorrhoids which demonstrated statistically significant association with p < 0.001.Conclusions: The prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders was found to be higher among khat chewers, indicating that khat chewing could be a predisposing factor to gastrointestinal disorders. Community-based awareness creation about the adverse effect of khat use is thus recommended.Keywords: Khat chewing, Gastritis, Constipation, Hemorrhoid

Prevalence and serverity of Iodine deficiency disorder among children 6-12 years of age in Shebe Senbo District, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency disorder is a major problem worldwide, especially during pregnancy and childhood. The magnitude of the problem is quite big in Ethiopia. The main aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and severity of iodine deficiency disorders. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shebe Senbo District on January 2011. Three elementary schools were selected by lottery method from 20 schools. From each school, students were selected by simple random sampling. Spot urine sample (5 ml) was taken to measure urine iodine level; physical exam was made to palpate goiter and salt samples were collected to estimate iodine content. RESULTS: Out of 389 participants, 179 (46%) were males. The total goiter rate was 59.1% (Grade 1: 35.2%; Grade 2:23.9%). The median urinary iodine level was 56 4g/L that indicates iodine deficiency. Out of 389 households in the study area, 277 (71.2%) were using non-iodinated salt, 102 (26.2%) of the households were using iodinated salt. Cabbage usage was significantly associated with goiter. CONCLUSION: Endemic goiter is quite prevalent in the study area. Median urinary iodine value of the study samples was found to be far lower than standards. Quality of the salt used by the study population was found to be poor in its iodine content. The use of cabbage (goitrogen) has shown remarkable influence on the development of goiter. Therefore, awareness creation and distribution of iodized salt are highly recommended.Keywords: Iodine deficiency disorders, goiter, median urinary iodine, severity, prevalenceEthiopian Journal of Health Sciences vol 22 (3) 201