Tooth eruption sequence and dental crowding: a case-control study.

UNLABELLED: When cases of dental crowding are identified and diagnosed promptly, interceptive orthodontics is particularly successful. AIM: To assess the differences in the eruption sequence of the mandibular canine and first premolar teeth in children with and without dental crowding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children who attended the Shiraz Dental School's orthodontic clinic (Iran) from September to December 2012 were enrolled in this case-control study. Tooth size arch length discrepancy (TSALD) of all 8-10 year olds was calculated from patients' dental models. Thirty-six children were randomly selected from those with TSALD of equal or less than 4mm (those with crowding). Each selected case was matched for sex and age with another child (as control) with TSALD>-4mm attending the same clinic, in the same time period. The existing panoramic radiographs were traced and the eruption percentages were measured for mandibular canine and first premolar teeth. The mean difference between canine and first premolar eruption percentages was compared between the case and control groups using the SPSS (version PASW 18) software and a paired sample t-test. RESULTS: Canine and first premolar eruption percentages in the case group were 65.82±13.00 and 78.92±10.15 percent, respectively. The mean eruption percentages for canines and first premolars of the control group were 74.12±14.55 and 75.47±11.60 percent, respectively. There was a significant difference in pre-eruptive positions of canine and first premolar teeth in those with moderate to severe crowding when compared to the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings may improve the early diagnosis of children with high risk of developing moderate to severe crowding during mixed dentition

Relationship between leadership reactions to athletes 'off-field behavior and fans' team identity based on social identity theory and balance

Objective: The present study aim was to investigate the relationship between the leader reactions to the Off-Field Behavior of Athletes with team identity of Sepahan and Zob Ahan fans in 1393.Methodology: This study is a quasi-experimental survey was conducted in two stages. The sample for all fans of football teams Sepahan and Zob Ahan formed in 1399. Samples are available for sampling and sample size due to the limitations of quasi-experimental study was 82. In the pretest participants and measure their team identity and the identity of the two teams were divided up and down team identity. Then each of these groups were divided into two groups randomly. Two weeks later, participants with either a newspaper story that involves the reaction of strong leadership and weak leadership faced reactions manipulation.Results: The result showed that the team identity among different categories (F= 0.58, P<0.05). Tukey test results showed that the reaction of the fans, who led the team up strong and weak leadership there, but the reaction of the fans, who led the team down the strong and weak make no difference.Conclusion: From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the decisive attitude of managers to inappropriate behaviors off the field of athletes helps maintain the team identity of fans

In Vitro Comparison of Gutta-Percha Removal with H-File and ProTaper with or without Chloroform

Introduction: Removal of root filling materials is one of the key steps in success of root canal retreatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of H-File and ProTaper with or without chloroform in the removal of gutta-percha during retreatment of mandibular premolars. Materials and Methods: Sixty mandibular premolars with one canal, and curvatures less than 30 degrees were used in this experimental study. They were instrumented with K-files and laterally obturated with condensed gutta-percha using AH26 as the sealer and were stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 2 weeks. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups of 15 teeth each. Removal of gutta-percha was performed with H-File and ProTaper. All techniques were used with or without chloroform. The teeth were split longitudinally and the area of remaining gutta-percha/sealer on the root canal wall was explored under stereomicroscope. Retreatment time duration was also recorded for each sample. Data were analyzed statistically by Two-way ANOVA, t-test and Tukey’s. Results: In all groups, no significant difference was found in remaining gutta-percha and sealer with or without using chloroform, but chloroform shortened the time of retreatment. ProTaper left significantly less remaining filling materials than H-File (P&lt;0.05). Retreatment time was significantly different between the studied groups (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: ProTaper Ni-Ti instruments proved to be more efficient and time-saving devices for removal of gutta-percha compared to H-File in canals with no or slight curvature

The Need to Label Genetically Modified Products from the Perspective of Community Health and Consumer Rights: A Review

Introduction: The production and supply of genetically modified organisms is one of the issues that have led to many legal, health and environmental issues. This research attempts to study the requirement for labeling of genetically modified products in terms of consumer rights and community health. Methods: This Review Article survey results researches during years from 2002 to 2016 with key word society health, genetic modified products, consumer rights, labeling at databases of Google scholar, SID, Iranmedex, Medline, PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, ProQuest, Magiran, MSRT journals system, Iran medical journals information system and ISC. Results: According to reported studies, genetically modified products may affect in human health, environment and society. Labeling of genetically modified products Cause to creating more awareness of consumer and provides informed choice of consumer. The responsibility of genetically modified products is Non-harmfulness is duty of producers and suppliers of genetically modified products.Conclusion: in line with protecting human and society health, According to consumer rights and environmental law and especially the precautionary principle, the labeling of genetically modified products is necessary

Photographic Facial Soft Tissue Analysis by Means of Linear and Angular Measurements in an Adolescent Persian Population.

To obtain objective average measurements of the profile and frontal facial soft tissue to be used as a guide for aesthetic treatment goals. Methods and Materials : This observational study included 110 females and 130 males high school students aged 16-18 years. None of the subjects had any facial deformities. All of them and their parents gave consent to take part in this study. In each case, two standard photographs of profile and frontal views were taken 27 landmarks were digitized on photographs. The mean, standard deviation, and range for a total of 43 facial indices were calculated digitally by computer software. The Student's t-test was used to compare males and females. Results : The ratio between the lower and middle facial thirds was one to one, but the height of the upper facial third was proportionally smaller than the other two-thirds in both sexes. Boys had greater nasal length, depth, and prominence than girls with statistically significant differences. Both upper and lower lips were more prominent in girls than in boys. All measurements of the chin showed sexual dimorphism characterized by greater chin height and prominence and deeper mentolabial sulcus. Boys had greater facial dimensions than girls. Mouth width, nasal base width, and intercanthal distance were significantly greater in boys. Conclusion : The labial, nasal, and chin areas showed sexual dimorphism in most of the parameters used in this study. Boys had larger faces, greater facial heights, longer nasal, labial, and chin lengths, and greater nasal, labial, and chin prominence

Presenting a Model and Explaining Ways to Reduce Gender Inequality in Iran’s Sports Management

The purpose of this research is to present a model to explain the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. Philosophically, this research is interpretationist and from the point of view of inductive approach. In terms of strategy, this study is a data base theory type and a qualitative research type. The data was obtained through interviews, and the statistical community consists of 15 experts in the field of sports management. The snowball method was used for sampling and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached. To collect information, a semi-structured interview was used, and in order to analyze the data, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used. By considering the text of all the interviews in the open coding stage, 303 concepts were identified, and after combining similar codes, 23 concepts were obtained. Then, in the axial coding phase, ten main categories were determined. The results showed that the selection criteria for management positions in sports organizations are not fair due to cultural and individual reasons. It is suggested that the selection criteria be such that both hierarchy is considered and starting from the middle level; As a result, the laws should be adjusted in such a way that the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, becomes more prominent and the selection of women is based on meritocracy and specialization

The Legal Responsibility of Sport Trainers in Providing Health- Oriented Trainings and Nutritional Supplements

Introduction: Regarding the prevalence of supplements and energizer drugs abuse and the civil and criminal responsibility of sports trainers in this regard, this study aimed to investigate the legal responsibility of sport trainers in providing health-oriented trainings and nutritional supplements. Methods: In this causal-comparative or post-hoc study, 101 volunteer trainers of sport clubs in Shiraz were selected as a cluster sampling. After explaining the purpose of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire (including 14 questions for assessing the sports trainers’ awareness of their civil and criminal responsibility on nutritional supplements, whose validity had been approved by the professors of law and sports sciences) was completed and collected. To analyze the data, chi square test was run using SPSS 20 and Excel 2007 (p≤0.05). Results: The sports trainers are aware of the civil liability of the drugs prescribed in their sport fields (p=0.001), and awareness of the legal issues during the coaching course is gained, the same as awareness of civil liability (p=0.001). However, according to the trainers themselves, provision of legal training on civil liability for educators is necessary (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that in spite of sports trainers’ good knowledge and education about the civil liability of the abuse of nutritional supplements, the need for more educating legal issues is essential for trainers and athletes

Ball-on-Ring Test Validation for Equibiaxial Flexural Strength Testing of Engineered Ceramics

The validation of a ball-on-ring, equibiaxial flexural strength method to obtain the transverse rupture strength (TRS) of right cylindrical ceramic specimens was performed in this study. Validation of the test method was achieved using commercially available engineered high purity alumina disks and finite element (FE) model analysis. The validated fixture was then used to obtain the TRS and Weibull statistical analysis of MgO-partially stabilized zirconia (MSZ) and Y2O3-partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic disks. TRS data for alumina, MSZ, and YSZ agreed with the TRS values reported in the literature. A statistically relevant number of samples (N \u3e 30) for each material were tested to allow for a Weibull statistical analysis. Weibull parameters for these materials were within the expected values for engineered ceramics. The characteristic strength for alumina, MSZ, and YSZ were determined to be 289, 786, and 814 MPa, respectively. The Weibull modulus was determined between 10 and 25 for each material, which is typical of engineered ceramics. In addition, FE model results were in close agreement with experimental fracture values for the three ceramic materials tested in this study

Intragraft regulatory T cells in the modern era: what can high-dimensional methods tell us about pathways to allograft acceptance?

Replacement of diseased organs with transplanted healthy donor ones remains the best and often only treatment option for end-stage organ disease. Immunosuppressants have decreased the incidence of acute rejection, but long-term survival remains limited. The broad action of current immunosuppressive drugs results in global immune impairment, increasing the risk of cancer and infections. Hence, achievement of allograft tolerance, in which graft function is maintained in the absence of global immunosuppression, has long been the aim of transplant clinicians and scientists. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a specialized subset of immune cells that control a diverse array of immune responses, can prevent allograft rejection in animals, and have recently been explored in early phase clinical trials as an adoptive cellular therapy in transplant recipients. It has been established that allograft residency by Tregs can promote graft acceptance, but whether intragraft Treg functional diversification and spatial organization contribute to this process is largely unknown. In this review, we will explore what is known regarding the properties of intragraft Tregs during allograft acceptance and rejection. We will summarize recent advances in understanding Treg tissue residency through spatial, transcriptomic and high-dimensional cytometric methods in both animal and human studies. Our discussion will explore properties of intragraft Tregs in mediating operational tolerance to commonly transplanted solid organs. Finally, given recent developments in Treg cellular therapy, we will review emerging knowledge of whether and how these adoptively transferred cells enter allografts in humans. An understanding of the properties of intragraft Tregs will help lay the foundation for future therapies that will promote immune tolerance