Response of pea aphids (<i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i>) to artificial breath and to vibration caused by a leaf picking device.

<p>Error bars represent standard errors (±1 SE). In all treatments N = 20.</p

Examination of pea aphid dropping response to different stimuli (and their combinations): details of experimental design.

<p>The X axis denotes the time from the beginning of the experiment. In all treatments and controls N = 20.</p

The actual (not average) ratios (%) of dropping individuals of the different beetle species and developmental stages in response to the Tactile Stimulation, Vibration and CO₂ treatments.

<p>Due to the very low dropping rates in the tactile and vibration treatments, only in the CO₂ treatment each group was statistically compared to the respective group in the control treatment (McNemar's test, α = 0.01). No result was statistically significant.</p

Dropping rates of adult beetles in response to breath and its simulation.

<p>The actual dropping rates (not averages) of adults of <i>Scymnus frontalis</i>, <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> and <i>Chilocorus bipustulatus</i> in response to the different airflow treatments. Each species was statistically analyzed separately (McNemar's test, α = 0.01). Columns marked with the same uppercase letter are not significantly different. Columns marked with the same symbol are not significantly different. Columns marked with the same Greek letter are not significantly different.</p

Dropping rates of beetle larvae in response to breath and its simulation.

<p>The actual dropping rates (not averages) of larvae of <i>Scymnus frontalis</i> and <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> in response to the different airflow treatments. Each species was statistically analyzed separately (McNemar's test, α = 0.01). Columns marked with the same uppercase letter are not significantly different. Columns marked with the same symbol are not significantly different.</p

Description of the leaf picking device.

<p>A lever (A) is connected on one end to an upright post, so that it is free to rotate around the connection point (B). The distal end of the lever is connected to the post with a rubber band (C). The lever is lowered so that it is perpendicular to the post and the rubber band is taut. The lever is held in place with a moving stop (D). A small clothespin (F) is attached to a juvenile leaf at the base of a broad bean stem. A string is tied at one end to the clothespin (F), and at the other end attached to another clothespin (G) which is connected to the distal end of the lever. A slight pull on the string that is attached to the stop (E) releases the lever, allowing it to spring up and tear off the leaf. A second lever (H) is constructed in the same way. In the experiments that included two vibrations, first the lower lever (H) was released and then the upper lever (A). The device drawn here is in a “ready for operation" state at the beginning of an experiment.</p

Increase in the dropping rates of pea aphid nymphs when exposed to a second vibration and its two controls.

<p>Data are the average percentage of the nymphs in the colony that dropped (±1 SE). Percentage data were arcsine square-root transformed prior to analysis. X-axis labels denote: I: The difference between the response to a 2 s and a 4 s artificial breath. II: The difference between the response to one vibration and two consecutive vibrations. III: The difference between the response to one vibration during a 2 s artificial breath and two vibrations during a 4 s artificial breath. Each bar represents an average of the differences within 20 randomly assigned pairs of data from the two compared treatments.</p

Two way ANOVA of the effects of “Age" and “Treatment" on pea aphid dropping response.

<p>The two age groups were: First-instar nymphs and adults. The three treatments were: A. Two s breath. B. One vibration during breath. C. Two vibrations during breath.</p

FISH of <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> nymphs parasitized by <i>Eretmocerus mundus</i>.

<p>The procedure was performed using <i>Portiera</i>-specific probe (red) and <i>Rickettsia-</i>specific probe (blue). (<b>A</b>) Scattered (S) localization pattern. White arrows indicate bacteriocytes. Blue-speckled area is the whitefly hemocoel, and the dark, clear area corresponds to the outline of the roughly spherical <i>Eretmocerus</i> larva. Bright blue area (black arrow) shows the wasp larval gut. (<b>B</b>) Confined (C) localization pattern. (<b>B1</b>) Red area (white arrows) shows <i>Portiera</i> in the bacteriocytes (<b>B2</b>) Blue area (white arrows) shows <i>Rickettsia</i> in the bacteriocytes. The pictures of <i>Rickettsia</i> and <i>Portiera</i> are presented separately because of the faint signal seen by the former. Other blue and red areas in the pictures are due to autofluorescence of the whitefly nymph and the shell of the wasp's hatched egg (white dashed arrow).</p

PCR primer sets used in this study.

a<p>Internal primers.</p