EXPLORING THE DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY IN BANGLADESH'S BANKING SECTOR: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF MARKET STRUCTURE, LIQUIDITY, AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS

Abstract Bank business in Bangladesh has experienced unique deviations over the last twenty years by adopting enough steadiness, liberalization and deregulation program. This study notifies the influence of rivalry, liquidity position and macroeconomic issues on the profitability of commercial banks in Bangladesh. The exploration process considers the impact of bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic factors. Bank-level secondary data were obtained from the annual reports of 57 commercial banks in Bangladesh from 2007 to 2017. Driscoll and Kraay standard error is used to analyze the data. In our study, commercial banks’ profitability in Bangladesh is mostly influenced by firm-specific variables like expense management, employee productivity, liquidity position, bank size, and marginal cost. Industry rivalry determined by Herfindahl-Hirschman Index has a positive but insignificant influence on bank profitability aligned to the Structure Conduct Performance Hypothesis. Among macroeconomic variables, profitability of banks has a strong positive relationship with bank spread and GDP growth rate. The rate of inflation has a strong negative and statistically significant impact on bank profitability. This research study articulates some significant policy implications for quickening the profitability in the banking industry of Bangladesh

Carbon Finance: Its Implication Against the Untoward Effect of Climate Change Due to Industrialization and Urbanization

Climate change has become the most important issue across the globe now-a-days. It creates a major risk to the global economy, affecting the wealth of societies, the availability of resources, the price of energy, and the value of financial sectors. It has become one of the most financially significant environmental concerns that the present world is facing. Carbon finance is a new branch of environmental finance which explores the financial propositions of carbon controlled world. Emissions of green house gases due to industrialization and urbanization bring a significant impact in the environmental issues and environmental consciousness is taking its shape in various dimensions in today’s complex business world. Realizing the importance and extent of carbon finance in the present world, in this study, we focused on the mechanisms that help the countries meet their emission reduction obligations in the context of environmental risk mitigation, likely, clean development mechanism, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, adaptation to adverse and severe weather etc. At the same time we have discussed about the importance of financial services and role of financial sectors to combat the unwanted effect of climate change as well as to support the society to meet the challenge of climate change. Keywords: Carbon finance, climate change, green house gas, clean development mechanism, reducing emissions from deforestation etc

What Drives Bank Profitability? A Panel Data Analysis of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh

Bank profitability plays a significant role in the growth and development of an emerging economy. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of bank characteristics, industry concentration and macroeconomics variables on commercial bank profitability in Bangladesh from 2007-2017. Bank profitability is proxied by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and net interest margin (NIM). The study is based on secondary data and Hausman test has been performed using STATA software in favor of fixed effect modeling. Panel regressions shows that cost efficiency has significant negative impact on ROA and NIM. The positive impact of loan to deposit ratio with ROA suggests that efficient fund management including investment and assessed expenditure should be emphasized. Bank size has significant negative impact on all the measures of profitability, which indicates that monopolistic competition will reduce banking profit. Credit risk has significant positive impacts on ROE. Industry concentration measured by CR3 is positively related with ROE and has significant negative relation with bank profitability (ROA). Among macroeconomic variables inflation has significant positive and bank spread has significant negative impact on ROE. The coefficients of all the macroeconomic variables have been found to be significantly related to bank profitability while measured by NIM. Our study recommends further research with other explanatory variables such as, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and deposit insurance to accelerate the model and construct the econometric model by using structural equation modeling, mediation effect modeling etc

The wave functions of conduction electrons in metallic lithium

The aim of this work has been to evaluate fairly reliable wavefunctions for electrons in the conduction band of lithium, mainly with the aim of bringing some light to the question of whether or not there is a marked variation of the wavefunction throughout k-space.An approximately self-consistent potential was constructed, based on the Hartree-Fock-Slater equations and the atomic wavefunctions given by Holoien. The one-electron equation describing the electrons in the conduction band was solved by the method of orthogonalized plane waves, using up to 70-80 waves. The solutions were determined at the four points of highest symmetry in the Brillouin zone and at 14 other points on axes of symmetry. In effect, 126 points throughout the Brillouin zone were thus considered. The eigenvalues are in fair agreement with those obtained by previous calculations, despite the use of a somewhat different potential. It should be stressed that the potential employed was an approximation to the true self-consistent potential in the metal, and not a "pseudopotential". The main conclusions to he derived from the calculated wavefunctions are: 1: Outside the region of the atomic cores the electrons behave essentially as free; near the nuclei the wavefunct-ions behave as a combination of s and p atomic functions. 2: The form of the wavefunctions does not change much throughout the occupied part of the Brillouin zone. This is particularly true for points with the same magnitude of k.The Fermi surface is found to be distorted from a sphere, in the 110 direction. However, it does not touch the zone face, as previously predicted.<p

Khatwa Upcycled Footwear

Khatwa is a local brand driven by the will to contribute to society, in terms of helping the overlooked citizens in need, bridging social gaps, up cycling materials to reduce waste, and supporting local production and craftsmen. With a concern for social issues, the designer carried out a research on NGO’s and their roles in providing the neglected citizens with basic human rights such as food, shelter, and clothes. The studies have shown a lack in the availability of locally produced shoes with convenient prices for the NGO’s that wish to provide needed footwear. The results motivated the designer to provide the NGOs with shoes that cost less than those available in the local markets. Furthermore, with an interest in Khatwa Upcycled Footwear Designed logo Packaging and Business Cards sustainable products, the designer researched materials that can be up cycled, to reduce costs, along with being comfortable and durable. The shoes are made out of up cycled gift wrapping cloth, plastic bags, and canvas sacks, whereas the soles are made out of locally produced Jute and plastic soles, to support local production and offer the desired durability. In terms of production, the product is hand made in collaboration with local craftsmen in workshops located in Bab Al Shariya, which resulted in an enriching experience for all participants because the designer learned the craft experience and the craftsmen experimented with unconventional materials

Nicolaus Copernicus and the Evolution of Scientific Thought

Mosharrafa A. Nicolaus Copernicus and the Evolution of Scientific Thought. In: Bulletin de l'Institut d'Egypte, tome 25, 1942. pp. 287-291

Some views on the Relation between Matter and Radiation

Mosharrafa A. Some views on the Relation between Matter and Radiation. In: Bulletin de l'Institut d'Egypte, tome 16, fascicule 2, 1933. pp. 161-166