HIV VL is negatively correlated with the proportion of CD4+ MTB-specific T-cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-2.

<p>Graph shows Spearman’s rank correlation of proportion of PPD-specific CD4+ IFN-γ and IL-2-dual-secreting cells with HIV VL. Participants with both active TB/HIV (closed circles) and LTBI/HIV (open circles) and a positive response to PPD are shown (n = 16).</p

HIV co-infection negatively impacts MTB-specific CD4+ functional cell subsets secreting IFN-γ and IL-2.

<p>Graphs show frequency and median of CD4+ cell functional subsets secreting IFN-γ and IL-2 (top row) and IL-2 only (middle row) and IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α (bottom row) in response to overnight stimulation with PPD (left column) and MTB-peptides (right column). p values on graphs show Mann-Whitney U tests for HIV-infected vs. HIV-uninfected (n = 34). Closed circles represent those with TB, and open circles those with LTBI with or without HIV co-infection.</p

Association of PD-1 expression on CD4+ MTB-specific T-cells secreting IFN-γ with HIV VL.

<p>Graphs show Spearman’s rank correlation of HIV VL with the percentage of cells expressing PD-1, for PPD-specific CD4+ cells secreting IFN-γ-only (top left), IFN- γ and TNF-α (top right) and IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 (bottom left). Those without a positive response in the relevant functional subset were excluded. Those with TB/HIV (closed circles) and LTBI/HIV (open circles) are shown.</p