The effects of silver nanoparticles on antimicrobial activity of ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium enriched mixture (CEM)

Background: Although, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and new experimental cement (CEM) are good root filling cements, but had no or low antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of addition of silver nanoparticles (SNP) to these two cements on antimicrobial effects against five most dental infection related microorganisms. Material and Methods: Two suspensions of 100 and 200 ppm of SNP were prepared and 180 μl of microbial suspension with 1.5 × 10 8 CFU/ml of each respected microorganisms were re-suspended in deionized water or each of SNP suspensions. After that, 60 μg of MTA and CEM were added to each tube. In one tube, the mixture of all above mentioned microorganisms were added as a source of microorganism. Colonies were counted after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours intervals of incubation at 35°C on blood agar for evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy. Results: MTA and CEM had antibacterial activities on all microorganisms’ strains except for Enterococcus faecalis and mixture group. MTA had better antibacterial activity than CEM but the difference was not significant ( p >0.05). The combination of SNP with two cements resulted in significantly higher antimicrobial activities ( p <0.05). Also, there was no statistically significant difference between two SNP concentrations ( p >0.05). Conclusions: Mixture of MTA and CEM with different concentrations of SNP significantly increased the antibacterial activit

Surveying the Factors Affecting the Selection of Hospitals by Medical Tourists

Introduction: Medical tourism is one of the branches of health tourism and has been an important issue in many developed countries during the past few years. This research has aimed to study the factors affecting the selection of the hospitals of Tehran by the medical tourists who had chosen Iran’s capital city for their treatment. Methods: The present study is a descriptive inferential cross sectional study which was conducted in the summer season of 2014 in the Tehran’s hospitals. The study population included all the reachable medical tourists who had come to the hospitals of Tehran for their treatment during the summer season of 2014. The sample of the interview section included 10-15 experts who were randomly chosen to be interviewed. The sample of the questionnaire section included 50 medical tourists who had come to Tehran’s hospitals for their treatment during the summer season of 2014 (reachable sample). The data of the present study was analyzed by the SPSS software version 20. Results: According to the results of this study it is clear that famous and reliable physicians and also low health service costs are the two most important factors attracting medical tourists to the hospitals of Tehran. Also, the location of the hospitals have proven to be acceptable for the patients. On the other hand, factors which are related to promotion and the physical evidence of hospitals were not in an acceptable condition. Conclusion: Despite having famous and reliable physicians and low health service costs in Iran, it can be said that there are still many factors such as better marketing and advertisement, international standardizations and developing recreational centers that need to be focused on, in order to gain the well-earned international position in the medical tourism industry

A Survey of Cognitive and Psychological Factors Effective on Travelling

Nowadays, due to the advances of many industries people tend to travel much more in compared to the past. Without any doubt, various types of climates and weathers, vemacular diseases, changes in life style and qualitative and quantitative changes of nutrition are all the factors of which many diseases occur during trips. Travel associated anxieties and fears are common. It has been suggested that enjoyment of travel depends upon a predisposition to cope well with a variety of physical and psychological stresses. In this study we have aimed to survey the cognitive and psychological factors effecting the passengers as they travel

“HEXAL Model” How It Can Collaborate With Health Service Providers and Travel Medicine

Introduction: Nowadays the trend to travel abroad has extremely grown. This is while, paying attention to travelers’ health is an incredibly important issue. Many organizations try their best to provide health services during travelers’ trips. Meanwhile, the biggest and most effecting health care providers all around the world are hospitals. Regarding this fact, a theory has been presented to help these organizations coordinate and direct much more effectively in compared to the past. It is noticeable to mention that this theory can help health care providers to gain a more sustainable position in order to develop medical tourism in their centers.Methods: A theory has been presented in this research with different dimensions. The major aspects of this model have been designed according to the relationships which exist in families. These relationships include: parents, children and others. Each of these aspects have been divided into two segments which are female and male. These aspects play their roles in three different dimensions.Results: According to the results this study, it can be mentioned that there are 6 relationships in regards to the HEXAL Model in health service providers. These relationships include mother, father, sister, brother, step sister and other relationships. It can be also said that each of these dimensions have different responsibilities in both health care providers and travel medicine.Conclusion: By using this model, health service providers can collaborate much more effectively. As a result, medical tourists and even other tourists can experience much more satisfying trips throughout their lives

Non-Pharmacologic Treatments for Fear of Flying

The purpose of the present survey was to review the important Non-pharmacologic treatments for fear of flying up to the present. This study is in the same way as some studies. Accordingly, some Non-pharmacologic treatments for fear of flying were assessed through this systematic review article. The general conclusion from the information provided by the  former studies, shows that a growing number of treatment facilities offer treatment programs for fear of flying, including combined treatment, Hypnotherapy, EMDR, Relaxation, information Providing, Cognitive-behavioral treatment, cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, Computer-based exposure therapies, Implosion therapy, Flooding, Systematic desensitization and Psychodynamic therapy. Nevertheless, little is known about which specific method or element of treatment programs works best; In addition, Psychological therapy should be employed under unique circumstances and according to the needs of individuals rather than applying identical treatment packages to any case

Influenza; A Threatening Respiratory Infection for Armed Forces, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment

peer reviewe

Venous Thromboembolism Following Travel

International travel has become increasingly common and accessible, hence, about two billion passengers undertake international and domestic air travel each year. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious public health disorder which may occur following prolonged travel, especially after air travel. A direct relation between VTE development and prolonged travels has been documented, while some references did not confirm this relation. The travel-related VTE is a multi-factorial disorder, and the risk of thrombosis is higher in individuals with pre-existing risk factors. Some believe that hypobaric hypoxia was a more likely explanation for thrombus formation during prolonged travel. Other factors including immobilization, dehydration, excessive alcohol or coffee consumption, lower air pressure, and lower humidity can make the traveler prone to thrombus formation. Herein we tried to evaluate previous studies and available guidelines thereby providing information on the association of thrombosis and travel, risk factors, risk assessment, and strategies for the prevention of VTE following travel