Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Jail

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Jail looks into the history, purposes, and structure of the Allegheny County Jail. This report outlines national and local data trends within jails and discusses the historic and current purposes of jails. It also highlights innovative programs and challenges within the county’s jail and potential best practices to address them

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Pretrial Decisions

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Pretrial Decisions examines the pretrial procedures and decisions made within the county criminal justice system. The report examines how pretrial decisions are made and national standards for pretrial services. The report highlights innovative practices occurring within the county and key local data. It also outlines national best practices in pretrial decisions

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Prosecution and Defense

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Prosecution and Defense examines the roles of prosecution and defense nationally and within the county including the offices of the district attorney and public defender. The report looks at key local data and opportunities within criminal court procedures to reduce the county jail population and the number of people under correctional control. The report highlights innovation national best practices in the area of prosecution and defense

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Courts and Probation

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Courts and Probation examines the structure, responsibilities, successes, and opportunities within Allegheny County's courts and probation department. The report highlights initiatives and innovations implemented by the Fifth Judicial District’s Criminal Division and key local data indicators. It also identifies current challenges within the county’s court and probation system and potential national best practices to address these challenges

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Law Enforcement

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Allegheny County Law Enforcement examines the role of the police both nationally and in Allegheny County. The report identifies local law enforcement agencies and their role within the county criminal justice system. This report also highlights key local data trends and discusses the impact of law enforcement on the criminal justice system. It also highlights national best practices in policing

We\u27re so F\u27d: Poly- and Per-Fluorinated Alkyl Substances in the Environment

Due to their widespread industrial production and unique chemical and physical properties, poly- and per-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous in the environment and are found in animal and human blood across the globe. Scott Mabury\u27s research focuses on understanding different PFAS exposure pathways in the environment. We will discuss his findings on atmospheric transport and breakdown, land and water contamination, and biological implications of PFASs

DNA damage-induced cell death and <i>gypsy</i> ERV expression contribute hTDP-43 mediated toxicity.

<p>(A) Lifespan analysis shows that co-expression of <i>loki</i>(IR) (<i>Repo</i> > <i>loki</i>(IR) + hTDP-43) fully rescues the lifespan deficit exhibited by flies expressing glial hTDP-43 (<i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43). (B) Co-expression of <i>loki</i>(IR) (<i>ELAV</i> > <i>loki</i>(IR) + hTDP-43) likewise fully rescues the lifespan deficit exhibited by flies expressing neuronal hTDP-43 (<i>ELAV</i> > hTDP-43). (C) Central projections of whole-mount TUNEL stained brains reveal a noticeable reduction in the apoptotic activity induced by glial hTDP-43 expression (<i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43 + GFP(IR)) when <i>gypsy</i> expression is knocked down (<i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43 + <i>gypsy</i>(IR)), while knocking down <i>loki</i> completely alleviates the apoptosis induced by glial hTDP-43 expression (<i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43 + <i>loki</i>(IR)). (D) Quantification of (H), normalized to the positive control (<i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43 + GFP(IR)). <i>N</i> = 12 for <i>Repo</i> / +; <i>N</i> = 9 for <i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43 + GFP(IR); <i>N</i> = 7 for <i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43 + <i>gypsy</i>(IR); and <i>N</i> = 7 for <i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43 + <i>loki</i>(IR). <b>*</b>All of the lifespans with the exception of the NRTI feeding experiments shown in Figs <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006635#pgen.1006635.g004" target="_blank">4</a> and 5, were performed concurrently in order to ensure comparability across groups. Therefore, appropriate controls are shared across panels.</p

<i>gypsy</i> ERV expression contributes to hTDP-43 mediated toxicity.

<p>(A) Lifespan analysis shows that co-expression of <i>gypsy</i>(IR) (<i>Repo</i> > <i>gypsy</i>(IR) + hTDP-43) partially rescues the lifespan deficit exhibited by flies expressing glial hTDP-43 (<i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43). (B) Co-expression of an unrelated GFP(IR) control transgene (<i>Repo</i> > GFP(IR) + hTDP-43) does not effect the lifespan of flies expressing glial hTDP-43 (<i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43). (C) Co-expression of <i>gypsy</i>(IR) (<i>ELAV</i> > <i>gypsy</i>(IR) + hTDP-43) has no effect on lifespan in flies expressing neuronal hTDP-43 (<i>ELAV</i> > hTDP-43).</p

Neuronal and glial hTDP-43 expression results in induction of RTE expression.

<p>Differential expression of many genes and RTEs are detected in response to either neuronal or glial expression of hTDP-43 in head tissue of 8–10 day old flies (<i>N</i> = 2 biological replicates per genotype). (A) Neuronal (<i>Elav</i> > hTDP-43) expression of hTDP-43 results in both increases and decreases in expression of a broad variety of cellular transcripts (See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006635#pgen.1006635.s009" target="_blank">S2A Table</a>). (B) A panel of transposons, including many RTEs, also are impacted, with most exhibiting elevated expression (See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006635#pgen.1006635.s009" target="_blank">S2B Table</a>). (C) Glial expression of hTDP-43 (<i>Repo</i> > hTDP-43) also results in numerous transcriptome alterations, with many transcripts either increasing or decreasing in abundance (See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006635#pgen.1006635.s010" target="_blank">S3A Table</a>). (D) Many transposons, most of which are RTEs, exhibit elevated expression levels in response to glial hTDP-43 expression (See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006635#pgen.1006635.s010" target="_blank">S3B Table</a>). Several RTEs display elevated expression in response to both glial and neuronal hTDP-43 expression, however a number also exhibit specificity in response to either glial or neuronal hTDP-43 expression (compare <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006635#pgen.1006635.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1B and 1D</a>). (E) The <i>gypsy</i> ERV exhibits elevated expression only in response to glial, but not neuronal, hTDP-43 expression. See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006635#sec008" target="_blank">methods</a> for details regarding analysis pipeline, including statistical analysis.</p