680 research outputs found
The Study of Anisotropy and Domain Condition of Permalloy Thin Films
Hysteretic Loops, 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6 and 10 nm in thickness, obtained by magnetron sputtering of Ni81Fe19 alloy, were measured by means of vibration magnetometer. It has been detected that by increasing the film thickness from 3 to 10 nm coercive force (HC) increases as well. In the direction perpendicular to the axis of easy magnetization the loop form considerably differs from the right-angled one, which is caused by amplitude dispersion of anisotropy. The films, derived in scattered magnetic field of the Earth, are by magnetic parameter isotropic. The results of atomic force microscope investigation indicate to the granular structure of films and confirms the presence of non-magnetized areas among the examined films. The critical thickness at which permalloy films pass from multi-domain to single-domain state was 10 nm. Estimation of the critical thickness of the transition from single-domain state to superparamagnetic led to the values of 1.5-2 nm.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3362
Two electrons in an external oscillator potential: hidden algebraic structure
It is shown that the Coulomb correlation problem for a system of two
electrons (two charged particles) in an external oscillator potential possesses
a hidden -algebraic structure being one of recently-discovered
quasi-exactly-solvable problems. The origin of existing exact solutions to this
problem, recently discovered by several authors, is explained. A degeneracy of
energies in electron-electron and electron-positron correlation problems is
found. It manifests the first appearence of hidden -algebraic structure
in atomic physics.Comment: 7 pages (plus one figure avaliable via direct request), LaTeX,
Preprint IFUNAM FT 94-4
Effects of Deuterium Concentration on Deuterium Desorption Temperature Range from Ni - In Composites
Spectra thermal desorption deuterium from the samples of system Ni-In preliminary implanted by var-ious doses of deuterium ions at Π’~100 K. On the basis of these spectra are studied dependences of change are constructed.
It is shown that the structure of spectrum, thermal desorption deuterium is function doses. On satura-tion of composite Ni70In30 with deuterium through ion implantation at T ~100 K the ultimate attainable concentration of deuterium makes ~2 at.D/at.Met.The increase in deuterium concentration brings about in composite Ni70In30, in addition to the solid state solution deuterium (decomposition at temperature ~530 K), the formation of the hydride, whose temperature of decomposition in vacuum is ~350 K.
Change of the component content in system Ni-In leads to essential change of a kind of a spectrum thermal desorption deuterium, shown in occurrence of additional temperature areas desorption (peaks) that testifies to formation of additional structural formations.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3523
Normal Forms for Symplectic Maps with Twist Singularities
We derive a normal form for a near-integrable, four-dimensional symplectic
map with a fold or cusp singularity in its frequency mapping. The normal form
is obtained for when the frequency is near a resonance and the mapping is
approximately given by the time- mapping of a two-degree-of freedom
Hamiltonian flow. Consequently there is an energy-like invariant. The fold
Hamiltonian is similar to the well-studied, one-degree-of freedom case but is
essentially nonintegrable when the direction of the singular curve in action
does not coincide with curves of the resonance module. We show that many
familiar features, such as multiple island chains and reconnecting invariant
manifolds, are retained even in this case. The cusp Hamiltonian has an
essential coupling between its two degrees of freedom even when the singular
set is aligned with the resonance module. Using averaging, we approximately
reduced this case to one degree of freedom as well. The resulting Hamiltonian
and its perturbation with small cusp-angle is analyzed in detail.Comment: LaTex, 27 pages, 21 figure
Π ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² XIX-XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ
The article considers materials that allow evaluating the way of establishment of medical service for customs authorities during the XIXβXX centuries. Material and methods. The study was conducted in a combination of the main methodological principles β historicism, objectivity, and comprehensiveness of the research. Materials stored in the funds of the Central Museum of the Federal Customs Service, electronic resources allowing access to the Full Collection of laws of the Russian Federation were considered. Results and discussion. Before the beginning of the 19th century there was virtually no medical care for customs offi cials. The key role in the establishment of medical service provision was played by the Β«Charter of frontier and port quarantinesΒ», which determined the presence of
doctors or staff-medics in the staff of Quarantine Offi ces, who were supposed to provide free of charge assistance to quarantined and quarantine survivors. Later, the emphasis in providing medical care for customs offi cials shifted to hospitals and military hospitals. Most likely, it was due to the huge length of the Russian Empire borders, along which the customs houses, customs outposts and posts were located. The changes in socio-political system in 1917 had
their effect on the processes occurring with the provision of medical services in the country and in the customs offi ce. In the period after the Great Patriotic War, me dical services to employees of the department began to be provided in the outpatient clinic created under the USSR Ministry of Foreign Trade, and since 1957 β in the outpatient clinics of the USSR State Committee on Foreign Economic Relations, as well as in the inpatient clinics which were part of the structure of the USSR Ministry of Health. Conclusion. In the Russian Empire, customs houses, customs outposts and posts were located on the border, designed to solve a complex of problems in the border areas. The study of the historical experience of their medical service allows us to make more rational managerial decisions at the level of the
Federal Customs Service in the future.. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ XIXβXX Π²Π². ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²: ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°Ρ
Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅Ρ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° XIX Π². ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π» Β«Π£ΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Β», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±-Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
, ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ. Π Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ
Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ,
Π²Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π² 1917 Π³. ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π° Ρ 1957 Π³. β Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
,
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ
Inheritance of parental genomes by a hybrid form Rana βesculentaβ (Amphibia, Ranidae)
In this study, quantitative analysis of paternal genome inheritance by a hybrid form Rana βesculentaβ (= Rana esculenta L., 1758 Γ Rana ridibunda Pall., 1881) (Amphibia, Ranidae) was examined. The hybrid form examined was characterized by a polymodal mode of inheritance (genome of any of the parental species can be inherited). The absence of correlation between the proportion of normal gametes and either sex or ploidity of the producer was demonstrated. The gametes produced could be both haploid and diploid (hybrid or homozygous). The mechanism of alloploid reproduction is discussed
Genetic algorithm for optimizing Bragg and hybrid metal-dielectric reflectors
Highly efficient reflectors are in demand in the rapidly developing optoelectronics. At the moment, distributed Bragg reflectors made of semiconductor materials are mainly used in this capacity. A lot of time and financial resources are spent on their production. Reducing the thickness of the reflector while maintaining its reflectivity would make these devices more affordable and extend their lifetime by reducing thermal noise. With the help of genetic optimization algorithms, the structures of multilayer semiconductor and combined metal-semiconductor reflectors were obtained, having a smaller thickness and equal optical characteristics than those of classical analogues. In particular, a 29% reduction in the thickness of the silicon/silica Bragg reflector was achieved without compromising performance.The work has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation 21-12-00304. This work is financially supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (The federal academic leadership program Priority 2030)
Complete asymptotic expansion of the integrated density of states of multidimensional almost-periodic pseudo-differential operators
We obtain a complete asymptotic expansion of the integrated density of states
of operators of the form H =(-\Delta)^w +B in R^d. Here w >0, and B belongs to
a wide class of almost-periodic self-adjoint pseudo-differential operators of
order less than 2w. In particular, we obtain such an expansion for magnetic
Schr\"odinger operators with either smooth periodic or generic almost-periodic
coefficients.Comment: 47 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1004.293
Fractons in Twisted Multiflavor Schwinger Model
We consider two-dimensional QED with several fermion flavors on a finite
spatial circle. A modified version of the model with {\em flavor-dependent}
boundary conditions ,
is discussed ( is the number of flavors). In this case a non-contactable
contour in the space of the gauge fields is {\em not} determined by large gauge
transformations. The Euclidean path integral acquires the contribution from the
gauge field configurations with fractional topological charge. The
configuration with is responsible for the formation of the fermion
condensate . The condensate dies out as a
power of when the length of the spatial box is sent to infinity.
Implications of this result for non-abelian gauge field theories are discussed
in brief.Comment: 29 pages, 3 figures available upon request, Report TPI-MINN-94-24-T
Plain LATE
History-sensitive accumulation rules for life-time prediction under variable loading
This is the post-print version of the article. The official published version can be obtained from the link below - Copyright @ 2011 SpringerA general form of temporal strength conditions under variable creep loading is employed to formulate several new phenomenological accumulation rules based on the constant-loading durability diagram. Unlike the well-known Robinson rule of linear accumulation of partial life-times, the new rules allow to describe the life-time sensibility to the load sequence, observed in experiments. Comparison of the new rules with experimental data shows that they fit the data much more accurately than the Robinson rule
- β¦