Assessment of Psychosocial Determinants (Self-Efficacy and Social Support) of Lifestyle in the Elderly in Yazd City, Iran, 2015

Background and Objectives: Perceived self-efficacy and social support are psychosocial constructs that are important in health of population, especially in the elderly, and affect the quality of life and lifestyle. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of social-psychological constructs on lifestyle in the elderly in Yazd city. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 older adults over 60 years of age in 2015. A cluster sampling was performed. Data collection tools included General Self-Efficacy Scale, Zimet social support scale, and Iranian elderly lifestyle questionnaires. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficient. The level of significance was considered to be 0.05. Results: The mean scores of lifestyle, social support, and self-efficacy were 161.9&plusmn;13.9 (range, 42-211), 46.3&plusmn;8.7 (range, 12-60) and 29.3&plusmn;7.7 (range, 10-40), respectively. There was a linear correlation between lifestyle and social support (p<0.001, 0.594) and self-efficacy (p<0.001, 0.592). Also, social support constructs (p<0.001, &beta;=0.424) and self-efficacy (p<0.001, &beta;=0.420) could predict 50% of changes of lifestyle. Conclusion: Given that social support and perceived self-efficacy constructs can predict changes of lifestyle, therefore appropriate interventions on these psychosocial constructs can improve the lifestyle in the elderly

Predictors of Non- Hookah Smoking Among High-School Students Based On Prototype/Willingness Model

Background: The aim of the study was to determine predictors of refraining from hookah smoking among high-school students in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran based on Prototype/Willingness model. Methods: This cross- sectional with analytic approach was performed on 240 high-school students selected by a cluster random sampling. The data of demo-graphic and Prototype-Willingness Model constructs were acquired via a self-administrated questionnaire. Data were analyzed by mean, frequency, correlation, liner and logistic regression statistical tests. Results: Statistically significant determinants of the intention to refrain from hookah smoking were subjective norms, willingness, and attitude. Regression model indicated that the three items together explained 46.9% of the non-smoking hookah intention variance. Attitude and subjective norms predicted 36.0% of the non-smoking hookah intention variance. There was a significant relationship between the participants’ negative prototype about the hookah smokers and the willingness to avoid from hookah smoking (P=0.002). Also willingness predicted non-smoking hookah better than the intention (P<0.001). Conclusion: Deigning intervention to increase negative prototype about the hookah smokers and reducing situations and conditions which facilitate hookah smoking, such as easy access to tobacco products in the cafés, beaches can be useful results among adolescents to hookah smoking prevention

Determinants of Cancer Early Detection Behaviors:Application of Protection Motivation Theory

Background: Cancer is account for 13% of all deaths around the world and is the third cause of mortality in Iran. More than one third of these cases are pre-ventable and about 33% are curable with early detection. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of cancer early detection (CED) behaviors ap-plying Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, cluster sampling method was employed to recruit 260 individuals of above 20 years old in Yazd, Iran and a researcher designed questionnaire was completed through interviews for each of the respondents. PMT theoretical variables and CED behaviors were the basis of data collection procedure. Results: Participants acquired 64.47% of the protection motivation, 30.97% of the passive and 45.64% of the active behaviors‟ possible scores. Theory con-structs predicted 19.8%, 15.6% and 9.6% of the variations for protection moti-vation, passive and active behavior respectively. Protection motivation was re-sponsible for 3.6% of passive and 8% of active behaviors‟ variations. Conclusion: Considering the scarceness of CED behaviors and the applicability of PMT in predicting these behaviors, utilization of the PMT‟s constructs in any interventional programs to accelerate CED behaviors could be an alternate methodological choice in the cancer control initiatives

Factors Associated with Pap Smear Screening Test among Women Aged 15-49 based on Protection Motivation Theory

Background & Aim: Cervical cancer is the fourth common cancer worldwide. Pap smear is a usual t est to screen cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine factors associated with Pap smear screening among married women aged 15-49 years in Lamerd health centers based on the Protection Motivation Theory .   Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 220 married women aged 15-49 years were selected. Data were gathered using a questionnaire designed based on the Protection Motivation Theory. The questionnaires were completed via individual interviews with the participants. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were approved. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis, U-Man Whitney test and c 2 in the SPSS-16.   Results: Most of the participants ( 40%) had a high school diploma and 70% of them were housewives. Most of the participants (65.6%) had used the test once at least. There were statistically significant relationships between the use of Pap smear with the protection motivation against cervical cancer (P<0.001 ), perceived self-efficacy ( P =0.002 ), perceived response efficacy ( P =0.007 ) and perceived costs ( P <0.001 ) .   Conclusion: Regarding the statistically significant relationships between the constructs of the Protection Motivation Theory and the use of Pap smear screening test among women , it is recommended to design educational programs based on the Protection Motivation Theory to encourage married women for using Pap smear screening test

Determinants of effective nurse-patient communication based on the health action process approach in Yazd hospitals

Nurse-patient communication is one of the most important care relationships that affects the treatment process. The health action process approach (HAPA) has been used to explain a number of behaviors. However, this approach has not been used to explain nurse-patient communication. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate effective nurse-patient communication using this approach. In this cross-sectional study, 300 nurses from public hospitals in the center of Iran were enrolled in the study. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used to measure the HAPA constructs. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance with least significant difference (LSD) post hoc tests in SPSS as well as structural equation modeling using AMOUS software. In the motivation phase, risk perception, outcome expectancies and task self-efficacy predicted 19% of variance in intention to communicate effectively. In the volitional phase, planning and action self-efficacy predicted 22% of variance in effective communication. The scores of HAPA constructs were different depending on the levels of effective communication. The model can serve as a reference framework to promote effective nurse-patient communication

Stage of Change in Calorie Balance Intake: Decisional Balance and Self–Efficacy Effective in Obese and Overweight Women

Background & aim: The effectiveness of the Transtheoretical model for changing nutritional behavior has been questioned by some studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and decisional equilibrium and transfer among the stages of behavior change of a calorie balance intake among obese women inYasuj, Iran. Methods : The data of the present descriptive analytical study were baseline data of 447 obese or overweight who were selected using the random cluster method. Based on the Transtheoretical model, individuals pass stages of change, which are precontemplation, contemplation, preparedness, action and maintenance. Two other main constructs which affect the stages of behavior change are self-efficacy and decisional balance. Demographic and anthropometric variables and stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional equilibrium pros and cons related to calorie balance intake were measured using valid and reliable questionnaires. Results: The participants average age was 33.49 years. Neither demographic nor anthropometric variables changes were significant among the stages of behavior change except literacy level before high school ( P=.047,OR=.502, %95 CI=.255 ~ .990). A significant change was observed in self-efficacy ( F(4.425)= 27.09, P= .000),decisional equilibrium (F(4.394), P= .004), and pros (F(4.430)=5.33, P=000), while no significant change was observed among cons (F(4.400)=1.83, P=.123). Conclusion: The findings confirmed the specific model of self-efficacy, decisional equilibrium and pros which predict that the obese women transfer between the five stages of calorie balance intake