179 research outputs found

    Do Education Decisions Respond to Returns by Field of Study?

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    We utilize the 2000 cohort of university graduates from the National Graduate Survey (NGS) to estimate the extent to which the choice of field of study is influenced by expected returns to those fields of study. The expected returns are based on earnings equations estimated from the earlier 1990 NGS cohort for the years 1992 and 1995 -- years that are around the time when the 2000 cohort would be applying to university and forming expectations of their expected returns by field of study. We estimate those expected returns using conventional OLS earnings equations as well as IV estimates to account for the potential endogeneity of the returns by field of study since selection effects may bias the expected returns. Our IV estimates utilize measures of skill-biased technological change as instruments. Overall, our results suggest that prospective students do choose fields of study in part at least on the basis of earnings they can expect to receive in those fields. Furthermore, earnings expectations formed around the time they are applying are more influential than earnings expectations based on years further away from that time, although both generally have an impact on the choice of field of study.Education decisions; field of study; returns to education; multi-nomial logits; National Graduate Survey (NGS)

    Program Evaluation Criteria Applied to Pay Equity in Ontario

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    The Ontario experience with respect to pay equity is evaluated based0501nly on a set of program evaluation citeria. Such criteria are informative in their own right, but they also provide a systematic way of categorizing the issues that are involved in evaluating pay equity in general, with the Ontario experience providing a useful illustration of the evaluation principles. The program evaluation criteria are first outlined, with an application to pay equity in general and the Ontario experience in particular. Illustrations from some case studies are used to highlight some of the program evaluation issues. The paper concludes with a summary and concluding observations especially on lessons that can be learned from the Ontario experience. L'expĂ©rience ontarienne en Ă©quitĂ© salariale est Ă©valuĂ©e Ă  partir d'un ensemble de critĂšres appartenant au domaine de l'Ă©valuation du programme. Ces critĂšres sont informatifs et permettent d'organiser de façon systĂ©matique la rĂ©flexion sur l'Ă©quitĂ© salariale en se servant de l'expĂ©rience vĂ©cue en Ontario comme toile de fond. Les critĂšres d'Ă©valuation sont d'abord prĂ©sentĂ©s, puis appliquĂ©s Ă  l'expĂ©rience ontarienne. Des illustrations provenant d'Ă©tudes de cas que nous avons rĂ©alisĂ©es viennent mettre en Ă©vidence certains points chauds de notre analyse. Le texte conclut par un rĂ©sumĂ© et quelques observations sur les leçons que nous pouvons tirer de l'expĂ©rience ontarienne.Program evaluation, pay equity, comparable worth, Évaluation de programmes, Ă©quitĂ© salariale

    Anne Hill and Mark R. Killingsworth (Ed.), Comparable Worth: Analyses and Evidence

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    Time Pattern of Male-Female Wage Differentials : Ontario 1946-71

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    Bien qu'il existe aujourd'hui des Ă©tudes plus nombreuses sur les causes dĂ©terminantes des diffĂ©rences de salaires entre les hommes et les femmes, on en compte que peu, s'il y en a, qui soient approfondies sur l'effet du facteur temps en rapport avec ces diffĂ©rences. L'Ă©cart s'est-il resserrĂ© avec les annĂ©es? Se resserre-t-il ou s'Ă©largit-il Ă  la pointe d'un cycle Ă©conomique? S'est-il resserrĂ© au cours des derniĂšres annĂ©es par suite d'une application plus rigoureuse de la lĂ©gislation en matiĂšre d'Ă©galisation des salaires? L'article prĂ©cĂ©dent tente d'y rĂ©pondre Ă  partir des statistiques publiĂ©es en Ontario pendant la pĂ©riode 1946-1971.Depuis la fin de la deuxiĂšme guerre, les sĂ©ries de statistiques sur les taux de salariĂ©s payĂ©s aux hommes et aux femmes pour une occupation rigoureusement dĂ©crite sont disponibles dans les rapports annuels, taux de salaires, traitements et heures de travail publiĂ©s par le ministĂšre du travail du Canada. Pour la pĂ©riode 1946-1971, la sĂ©rie n'est continue que dans le cas de neuf fonctions.De rapport thĂ©orique entre la diffĂ©rence de salaire et le passage du temps, le cycle Ă©conomique et la lĂ©gislation sur l'Ă©galisation des salaires y est d'abord Ă©tablie. Ensuite, il fut procĂ©dĂ© Ă  une analyse de rĂ©gression de la diffĂ©rence proportionnelle de salaire entre les hommes et les femmes pour chacune des neuf fonctions, selon le taux de chĂŽmage et une variable artificielle indiquant les annĂ©es oĂč la lĂ©gislation relative Ă  l'Ă©galisation des salaires se trouvait en vigueur.Les rĂ©sultats arithmĂ©tiques ont dĂ©montrĂ© qu'aucune des occupations n'indiquait au point de vue statistique un quelconque resserrement significatif dans le temps des diffĂ©rences de salaire entre les hommes et les femmes. En rĂ©alitĂ©, sur cinq des neuf emplois, l'Ă©cart montre une tendance vers la hausse de un Ă  deux pour cent par annĂ©e. Il ressort de lĂ  que, avec les annĂ©es, loin de se resserrer, l'Ă©cart s'accentue.Lorsque l'on considĂšre les faits en fonction des cycles Ă©conomiques, les rĂ©sultats s'enchevĂȘtrent. En pĂ©riode d'abondance, quand le taux de chĂŽmage est bas, l'Ă©cart se resserre lĂ©gĂšrement dans deux fonctions, s'Ă©largit considĂ©rablement dans trois autres et ne bouge Ă  peu prĂšs pas dans les quatre derniĂšres. D'une façon gĂ©nĂ©rale, il semble que les politiques de plein emploi associĂ©es Ă  des pĂ©riodes de prospĂ©ritĂ© n'auront que peu d'effet sur les diffĂ©rences de salaire entre les hommes et les femmes. Plus, les Ă©carts peuvent tendre Ă  s'accroĂźtre durant les Ă©poques de prospĂ©ritĂ©.En ce qui concerne la variable de la lĂ©gislation relative Ă  l'Ă©galisation des salaires, une seule occupation permet de constater un changement significatif aprĂšs l'adoption de la mesure, changement qui dĂ©montre vraiment un Ă©largissement de l'Ă©cart.Le transfert des stipulations concernant l'Ă©galisation des salaires duHuman Rights Act Ă l’Employment Standards Act n'a pas eu d'effet marquĂ© sur la rĂ©duction de la diffĂ©rence entre les salaires des hommes et ceux des femmes, du moins pour les occcupations qui sont analysĂ©es dans cette Ă©tude. Cette conclusion est confirmĂ©e par un travail concomitant de l'auteur fondĂ© sur l'analyse d'un Ă©chantillonnage d'un nombre plus considĂ©rable de fonctions.Ces conclusions ne sont pas substantiellement modifiĂ©es par des modifications Ă  l'analyse de rĂ©gression. La correction de la corrĂ©lation sĂ©rielle dans le cas de deux occupations et la suppression du taux de chĂŽmage dans l'ensemble des occupations n'a pas d'effet apprĂ©ciable. L'utilisation d'une variable chronologique non linĂ©aire ne change pas beaucoup les rĂ©sultats. D'une façon gĂ©nĂ©rale, le modĂšle chronologique non linĂ©aire indique un resserrement de l'Ă©cart au commencement de la dĂ©cennie 1950 et son Ă©largissement vers la fin de la mĂȘme pĂ©riode ainsi qu'au cours des annĂ©es 1960. Il se peut que cela rĂ©flĂ©chisse une pĂ©nurie relative de femmes pendant la pĂ©riode d'aprĂšs-guerre alors qu'elles avaient tendance Ă  abandonner le marchĂ© du travail et Ă  retourner au foyer, tout comme on peut y reconnaĂźtre l'abondance relative des femmes dans les annĂ©es 1960 alors qu'elles retournaient en grand nombre sur le marchĂ© du travail. Lorsqu'on fait intervenir l'Ă©lĂ©ment temps d'une façon non linĂ©aire, malgrĂ© les mesures d'Ă©galisation des salaires entre hommes et femmes, force est de constater un resserrement des Ă©carts pour deux fonctions. Ceci laisse entrevoir que nous devons ĂȘtre moins sĂ»r de l'impact qu'ont pu avoir ces mesures.En se fondant sur les rĂ©sultats limitĂ©s de cette Ă©tude, il est possible d'en tirer les conclusions suivantes. La diffĂ©rence de salaire entre les hommes et les femmes s'est Ă©largie avec les annĂ©es, surtout pendant la dĂ©cennie 1960. L'Ă©cart tend Ă  s'amenuiser durant les pĂ©riodes de prospĂ©ritĂ©. En rĂ©alitĂ©, elle peut augmenter Ă  certaines Ă©poques. De toute façon, il n'en ressort pas clairement que la politique d'Ă©galisation des salaires ait favorisĂ© la diminution de l'Ă©cart.In this paper the author examines whether male-female wage differentials have narrowed over time, whether such differentials narrow or widen at the peak of a business cycle, and whether the stricter enforcement of equal pay legislation in recent years has influenced these differentials

    International Research Project on Job Retention and Return to Work Strategies for Disabled Workers: Canada

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    [Excerpt] The International Research Project on Job Retention and Return to Work Strategies for Disabled Workers is an initiative of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Global Applied Research and Information Network on Employment and Training (GLADNET). It reflects ILO and GLADNET joint aims of establishmg a base for cross-national research and strengthening links between research analysis and policy reform in the field of employment of disabled people. The Project is a response to a combination of developments which highlight the need for more effective policies and practices in support of workers whose prospects of remaining in employment are jeopardised by work injury, illness or disability. Persons with disabilities are increasingly claiming rights to stay in work as well as to access employment. Pressures on state budgets, the rising costs of compensation claims and disability benefits, and changes in the structure of the labour market are strengthening policies in favour of job retention and return to work. Enterprises are developing their own strategies to minimise the costs of disability and to retain valued employees. Overall, the balance of responsibility is shifting from the state to the enterprise. Policies and practices to prevent disabled workers from leaving work unnecessarily, and to facilitate rapid return to employment if job loss cannot be prevented, are recent developments in many countries. The cross-national exchange of information on initiatives and their effects is limited. The first aim of this Project has been to gather information about what has been attempted, by whom, for what purposes, in which contexts and to what effects. The second, more ambitious, aim, is to examine the interaction between the various policies and practices, identify dysfunctions, and work towards more coherent and cost-effective strategies for job retention and return to work which might be applied in different national systems. The ultimate objective is to identify strategies which can be put into effect in the workplace

    An Analysis of the Earnings of Canadian Immigrants

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    This paper reports estimates of simple wage equations fit to cross-sectional and pseudo-longitudinal data for Canadian immigrants in the 1971 and 1981 Canadian censuses. The estimates are used to assess (1) the usefulness of cross-sectional analyses for measuring the pace of immigrant earnings growth, (2) the labor market implications of admissions policies that place different weights on the work skills possessed by prospective entrants, and (3) the relative impact of selective outmigration and job-matching on the shape of immigrant earnings distributions as duration of stay increases. The estimates provide evidence of a small to moderate assimilation effect that suggests that immigrants make up for relatively low entry wages, although the wage catch-up is not complete until 13 to 22 years after entry into Canada. These results are revealed clearly in both the pseudo-longitudinal and the cross-sectional analyses. The estimates also provide evidence that the unobserved quality of immigrants' labor market skills declined following changes in Canada's immigration policies in 1974 that led to a sharp increase in the proportion of immigrants admitted on the basis of family ties. Finally, since there is no evidence that the variance of immigrant earnings increases with their duration of stay in Canada, and since there are no differential immigrant-native changes in higher-order moments of the earnings distribution as duration of stay increases, the results are inconclusive with respect to the importance of selective outmigration and job matching in the evolution of immigrant earnings distributions over time.

    Labour Market Outcomes and Skills Acquisition of High-School Dropouts

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    We utilize an instrumental variable approach to analyse the effect that dropping out of high school has on 17 outcomes pertaining to wages, employment and subsequent skill acquisition for youths. Our analysis is based on the older cohort of the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) for 2003, an ideal data set because it contains a rich array of outcome measures and their observable determinants as well as variables for instrumenting the dropout indicator (based on a link to the 1999 data). Our analysis indicates that dropouts have poorer wage and employment outcomes, and they do not make up for their lack of education through additional skill acquisition and training. The analysis thereby suggests that policies to curb dropping out could have both desirable efficiency effects (high returns) as well as distributional effects (high returns to otherwise more disadvantaged groups) and potential social spillover affects.Education, Training, Youth, Labour Market Outcomes

    The Effect of Collective Bargaining Legislation on Strikes and Wages

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    Using Canadian data on large, private-sector contract negotiations from January 1967 to March 1993, we find that strikes and wages are substantially influenced by labor policy. The data indicate that conciliation policies have largely been ineffective in reducing strike costs. In contrast, general contract reopener provisions appear to make both unions and employers better off by reducing negotiation costs without systematically affecting wage settlements. Legislation banning the use of replacement workers appears to lead to significantly higher negotiation costs and redistribution of quasi-rents from employers to unions.Collective Bargaining; Strikes; Labor Legislation
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