Cultivo da macadâmia no Brasil

Nativa da Austrália, a macadâmia foi introduzida no Brasil em 1935; entretanto, os primeiros plantios comerciais somente apareceram no final dos anos setenta. Hoje, o Brasil possui 6.500 hectares plantados com a espécie M. integrifolia distribuídos em 7 estados. O parque de processamento é formado por três unidades de médio porte que, juntas, beneficiam 79% da safra brasileira e vinte de pequeno porte. Em 2012, o País produziu 1.100 toneladas de amêndoas de macadâmia, 62,5% para exportação e 37,5% para o mercado interno. Ainda desconhecida pela maioria das pessoas, o consumo vem crescendo na mesma velocidade do aumento da produção mundial. A inclusão de alimentos saudáveis na dieta alimentar tem atraído cada vez mais consumidores para o mercado das nozes. Este fato permite afirmar que a macadâmia é um dos alimentos do futuro

High Outcrossing Levels among Global Macadamia Cultivars: Implications for Nut Quality, Orchard Designs and Pollinator Management

Global fruit and nut yields are affected by shortfalls in pollinator populations, and pollen limitation is most prevalent among tropical, bee-pollinated and self-incompatible plants. Macadamia is a subtropical, bee-pollinated crop in which some cultivars have been found to be highly outcrossing. We aimed to determine the extent of outcrossing and its effects on nut quality across a wide range of international macadamia cultivars in three countries. We sampled fruit from 19 macadamia cultivars across 23 sites in Australia, Brazil and South Africa. We used genotype-by-sequencing and MassARRAY methods to assign paternity to individual fruit and we assessed pollen-parent effects on nut quality. Macadamia was highly outcrossing, producing 80–100% of fruit by cross-pollination, at 17 of the 23 sites. Mixed mating (41–72% outcrossing) was identified at five sites, and low outcrossing (10%) was identified in one cultivar at one site where it was isolated from other flowering macadamia trees. Outcrossed fruit often had significantly better quality than selfed fruit, with 1.61–3.39 g higher nut-in-shell mass, 0.53–1.55 g higher kernel mass, 3.3–6.4% higher kernel recovery, and 3.0–3.5% higher oil concentration. The differences in kernel recovery equated to differences in value of USD 433–841 per ton of nut-in-shell at prices of USD 3000 per ton. In summary, macadamia cultivars were mostly highly outcrossing, and outcrossed nuts often had higher quality than selfed nuts. Growers should consider interplanting different cultivars more closely and distributing bee hives more widely to maximise cross-pollination, produce high yields, and optimise nut quality.</p