3,044 research outputs found
Raising the bar: new constraints on the Hubble parameter with cosmic chronometers at z2
One of the most compelling tasks of modern cosmology is to constrain the
expansion history of the Universe, since this measurement can give insights on
the nature of dark energy and help to estimate cosmological parameters. In this
letter are presented two new measurements of the Hubble parameter H(z) obtained
with the cosmic chronometer method up to . Taking advantage of
near-infrared spectroscopy of the few very massive and passive galaxies
observed at available in literature, the differential evolution of this
population is estimated and calibrated with different stellar population
synthesis models to constrain H(z), including in the final error budget all
possible sources of systematic uncertainties (star formation history, stellar
metallicity, model dependencies). This analysis is able to extend significantly
the redshift range coverage with respect to present-day constraints, crossing
for the first time the limit at . The new H(z) data are used to
estimate the gain in accuracy on cosmological parameters with respect to
previous measurements in two cosmological models, finding a small but
detectable improvement (5 %) in particular on and .
Finally, a simulation of a Euclid-like survey has been performed to forecast
the expected improvement with future data. The provided constraints have been
obtained just with the cosmic chronometers approach, without any additional
data, and the results show the high potentiality of this method to constrain
the expansion history of the Universe at these redshifts.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication as MNRAS letter. The
H(z) data can be downloaded at
http://www.physics-astronomy.unibo.it/en/research/areas/astrophysics/cosmology-with-cosmic-chronometer
Cosmological constraints from a joint analysis of cosmic growth and expansion
Combining measurements on the expansion history of the Universe and on the
growth rate of cosmic structures is key to discriminate between alternative
cosmological frameworks and to test gravity. Recently, Linder (2017) proposed a
new diagram to investigate the joint evolutionary track of these two
quantities. In this letter, we collect the most recent cosmic growth and
expansion rate datasets to provide the state-of-the-art observational
constraints on this diagram. By performing a joint statistical analysis of both
probes, we test the standard CDM model, confirming a mild tension
between cosmic microwave background predictions from Planck mission and cosmic
growth measurements at low redshift (). Then we test alternative models
allowing the variation of one single cosmological parameter at a time. In
particular, we find a larger growth index than the one predicted by general
relativity ). However, also a standard model with
total neutrino mass of eV provides a similarly accurate
description of the current data. By simulating an additional dataset consistent
with next-generation dark-energy mission forecasts, we show that growth rate
constraints at will be crucial to discriminate between alternative
models.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS lette
Modelling stellar populations at high redshift
Stellar populations carry information about the formation of galaxies and
their evolution up to the present epoch. A wealth of observational data are
available nowadays, which are analysed with stellar population models in order
to obtain key properties such as ages, star formation histories, stellar
masses. Differences in the models and/or in the assumptions regarding the star
formation history affect the derived properties as much as differences in the
data. I shall review the interpretation of high-redshift galaxy data from a
model perspective. While data quality dominates galaxy analysis at the highest
possible redshifts (z>5), population modelling effects play the major part at
lower redshifts. In particular, I discuss the cases of both star-forming
galaxies at the peak of the cosmic star formation history as well as passive
galaxies at redshift below 1 that are often used as cosmological probes.
Remarks on the bridge between low and high-z massive galaxies conclude the
contribution.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, invited review at the IAU Symposium 277 "Tracing
the Ancestry of Galaxies (on the land of our ancestors)", Ouagadougou
(Burkina Faso), December 2010, Editors: Claude Carignan, Francoise Combes,
Ken Freema
zCOSMOS 10k-bright spectroscopic sample: Exploring mass and environment dependence in early-type galaxies
Aims. We present the analysis of the U – V rest-frame color distribution and some spectral features as a function of mass and environment for a sample of early-type galaxies up to z = 1 extracted from the zCOSMOS spectroscopic survey. This analysis is used to place constraints on the relative importance of these two properties in controlling galaxy evolution.
Methods. We used the zCOSMOS 10k-bright sample, limited to the AB magnitude range 15 < I < 22.5, from which we extracted two different subsamples of early-type galaxies. The first sample (“red galaxies”) was selected using a photometric classification (2098 galaxies), while in the second case (“ETGs”) we combined morphological, photometric, and spectroscopic properties to obtain a more reliable sample of elliptical, red, passive, early-type galaxies (981 galaxies). The analysis is performed at fixed mass to search for any dependence of the color distribution on environment, and at fixed environment to search for any mass dependence.
Results. In agreement with the low redshift results of the SDSS, we find that the color distribution of red galaxies is not strongly dependent on environment for all mass bins, exhibiting only a weak trend such that galaxies in overdense regions (log_(10)(1+Δ) ~ 1.2) are redder than galaxies in underdense regions (log_(10)(1+Δ) ~ 0.1),
with a difference of = 0.027±0.008 mag. On the other hand, the dependence on mass is far more significant, and we find that the average colors of massive galaxies (log_(10)(M/M_☉) ~ 10.8) are redder by = 0.093±0.007 mag than low-mass galaxies (log_(10)(M/M_☉) ~ 10)
throughout the entire redshift range. We study the color-mass (U – V)_(rest) ∝ S_M ·log_(10)(M/M_☉) relation, finding a mean slope = 0.12±0.005, while the color-environment (U – V)_(rest) ∝ S_δ · log_(10)(1+Δ) relation is flatter, with a slope always smaller than S_δ ≈ 0.04.
The spectral analysis that we perform on our ETGs sample is in good agreement with our photometric results: we study the 4000 Å break and the equivalent width of the Hδ Balmer line, finding for D4000 a dependence on mass ( =0.11±0.02 between log_(10)(M/M_☉) ~ 10.2 and log_(10)(M/M_☉) ~ 10.8), and a much weaker dependence on environment ( = 0.05±0.02 between high and low environment quartiles). The same is true for the equivalent width of Hδ, for which we measure a difference of ΔEW0(Hδ) = 0.28±0.08 Å across the same mass range and no significant dependence on environment. By analyzing the lookback time of early-type galaxies, we support the possibility of a downsizing scenario, in which massive galaxies with a stronger D4000 and an almost constant equivalent width of Hδ formed their mass at higher redshift than lower mass ones. We also conclude that the main driver of galaxy evolution is the galaxy mass, the environment playing a subdominant role
On the robustness of the H Lick index as a cosmic clock in passive early-type galaxies
We examine the H Lick index in a sample of massive () and passive early-type galaxies extracted from SDSS at
z<0.3, in order to assess the reliability of this index to constrain the epoch
of formation and age evolution of these systems. We further investigate the
possibility of exploiting this index as "cosmic chronometer", i.e. to derive
the Hubble parameter from its differential evolution with redshift, hence
constraining cosmological models independently of other probes. We find that
the H strength increases with redshift as expected in passive evolution
models, and shows at each redshift weaker values in more massive galaxies.
However, a detailed comparison of the observed index with the predictions of
stellar population synthesis models highlights a significant tension, with the
observed index being systematically lower than expected. By analyzing the
stacked spectra, we find a weak [NII] emission line (not
detectable in the single spectra) which anti-correlates with the mass, that can
be interpreted as a hint of the presence of ionized gas. We estimated the
correction of the H index by the residual emission component exploiting
different approaches, but find it very uncertain and model-dependent. We
conclude that, while the qualitative trends of the observed H-z
relations are consistent with the expected passive and downsizing scenario, the
possible presence of ionized gas even in the most massive and passive galaxies
prevents to use this index for a quantitative estimate of the age evolution and
for cosmological applications.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in MNRAS Main
Journa
An improved measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations from the correlation function of galaxy clusters at
We detect the peak of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the two-point
correlation function of a spectroscopic sample of clusters selected
from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Galaxy clusters, as tracers of massive dark
matter haloes, are highly biased structures. The linear bias of the sample
considered in this work, that we estimate from the projected correlation
function, is . Thanks to the high signal in the
cluster correlation function and to the accurate spectroscopic redshift
measurements, we can clearly detect the BAO peak and determine its position,
, with high accuracy, despite the relative paucity of the sample. Our
measurement, , is in good agreement
with previous estimates from large galaxy surveys, and has a similar
uncertainty. The BAO measurement presented in this work thus provides a new
strong confirmation of the concordance cosmological model and demonstrates the
power and promise of galaxy clusters as key probes for cosmological
applications based on large scale structures.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure, accepted for publication in MNRA
Catching galaxies in the act of quenching star formation
Detecting galaxies when their star-formation is being quenched is crucial to
understand the mechanisms driving their evolution. We identify for the first
time a sample of quenching galaxies selected just after the interruption of
their star formation by exploiting the [O III]5007/Halpha ratio and searching
for galaxies with undetected [O III]. Using a sample of ~174000 star-forming
galaxies extracted from the SDSS-DR8 at 0.04 < z < 0.21,we identify the ~300
quenching galaxy best candidates with low [O III]/Halpha, out of ~26000
galaxies without [O III] emission. They have masses between 10^9.7 and 10^10.8
Mo, consistently with the corresponding growth of the quiescent population at
these redshifts. Their main properties (i.e. star-formation rate, colours and
metallicities) are comparable to those of the star-forming population,
coherently with the hypothesis of recent quenching, but preferably reside in
higher-density environments.Most candidates have morphologies similar to
star-forming galaxies, suggesting that no morphological transformation has
occurred yet. From a survival analysis we find a low fraction of candidates
(~0.58% of the star-forming population), leading to a short quenching timescale
of tQ~50Myr and an e-folding time for the quenching history of tauQ~90Myr, and
their upper limits of tQ<0.76 Gyr and tauQ<1.5Gyr, assuming as quenching
galaxies 50% of objects without [O III] (~7.5%).Our results are compatible with
a 'rapid' quenching scenario of satellites galaxies due to the final phase of
strangulation or ram-pressure stripping. This approach represents a robust
alternative to methods used so far to select quenched galaxies (e.g. colours,
specific star-formation rate, or post-starburst spectra).Comment: 22 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Addressing the Hubble tension with cosmic chronometers
Twenty years after the discovery that the expansion of the Universe is
accelerating, a new finding is now challenging our understanding of the cosmos.
Recent studies have shown that the Hubble constant, the speed of expansion
measured today, provides values in significant tension when measured from the
Cosmic Microwave Background in the primordial Universe or from Cepheids and
Supernovae Type Ia in the local Universe. Whether this tension is hinting
towards new physics or some issue in the measurements, is still under debate;
but it is clearly calling for new independent cosmological probes to provide
additional pieces of evidence to solve this puzzle. This chapter introduces the
method of cosmic chronometers, a new emerging cosmological probe that can
provide cosmology-independent estimates of the Universe's expansion history.
This method is based on the fact that the expansion rate of the Universe can be
directly derived from measuring how much the Universe has changed in age
between two different redshifts, i.e. by estimating the slope of the
age--redshift relation. First, the main ingredients of the method will be
discussed, presenting the main equations involved and how to estimate from the
observables the needed quantities. After, it will be presented how to reliably
select a sample of tracers to map the age evolution of the Universe coherently.
Next, different methods to robustly measure the differential age of a
population, the fundamental quantity involved in the method, will be reviewed.
Finally, the main measurements obtained will be presented, providing forecasts
for future surveys and discussing how these data can provide useful feedback to
address the Hubble tension.Comment: Invited chapter for the edited book Hubble Constant Tension (Eds. E.
Di Valentino and D. Brout, Springer Singapore, expected in 2024
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