Cuantificación de metales en sedimentos superficiales de la bahía interior, lago Titicaca-Perú

TIn aquatic ecosystems, sediments are reservoirs of heavy metals when their waters are exposed. The purpose of the study was to quantify metals in surface sediments of the interior bay of Puno, Lake Titicaca, Peru. From january to november 2016 of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Hg concentrations were analyzed in the surface sediments of six selected environmental sampling stations by non-probabilistic sampling for convenience. The metals were analyzed by acid digestion where their quantification was by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry with axial view (ICP-AES). When comparing the results with the selected environmental standard, all the elements had concentrations in the recommended ranges, although statistically significant differences existed between the stations (p<0,05). The As and Hg, presented similarities in their values (0,0001 mg.L-1) between the stations. As and Hg, presented similarities in their values between the stations. It was concluded that, the surface sediments of the inner bay of Puno do not present risk due to exposure to total metals, since their concentrations were in the range of allowable values.En ecosistemas acuáticos, los sedimentos son reservorios de metales pesados cuando sus aguas se encuentran expuestas. El propósito del estudio fue cuantificar metales en sedimentos superficiales de la bahía interior de Puno, Lago Titicaca-Perú. De enero a noviembre del 2016 fueron analizadas las concentraciones de Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As y Hg en los sedimentos superficiales de seis estaciones de muestreo ambiental seleccionadas mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Los metales se analizaron por digestión ácida donde su cuantificación fue mediante espectrometría de plasma inductivamente acoplado con vista axial (ICP-AES). Al comparar los resultados con la norma ambiental seleccionada (Interim Sediment Quality Guidelin, Canadá), todos los elementos presentaron concentraciones en los rangos recomendados, aunque existió entre las estaciones, diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). El As y Hg, presentaron similitudes en sus valores (0,0001 mg.L-1) entre las estaciones. Se concluyó que, los sedimentos superficiales de la bahía interior de Puno, no representan riesgo por exposición a metales totales, ya que sus concentraciones se encontraron en el rango de los valores permisibles

Determinación interactiva de metales totales en las aguas de la bahía interior del Lago Titicaca- Puno Perú

ABSTRACT The inner Puno bay is a restricted area and one of the habitats of Lake Titicaca with high anthropization, where some organic and inorganic elements may be exceeding the thresholds allowable concentrations. The aim of the research was to determine interactively total metals available in the waters of the inner Puno bay of Lake Titicaca, Peru. It was conducted between January and November 2016 by a non-probabilistic for convenience and applying the theoretical method by comparison among six stations of selection. Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Hg were the determined and quantified elements using atomic absorption spectrometry by inductively coupled plasma with axial view (ICP-AES). It was observed that between the stations there were no statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) when there was an availability of exposure among all the elements, although when comparing each element per station, there were differences for the rainy (January-February-March) and dry season (September-October-November). By comparing each station and between seasons, we found that there was no statistically significant difference, although the higher concentration levels were for the dryness season. We conclude that there is environmental exposure by metals in the waters of the Inner Bay and where their concentrations are permanent during the whole period of the year, being able to bring negative consequences not only for the ecosystem, but also to the human health itself given activities of community benefit that are developed in this geographic space.Resumen La bahía interior de Puno, es un área restringida (16.0 km2) y representa uno de los hábitats del Lago Titicaca con alto nivel de antropización, donde algunos elementos orgánicos e inorgánicos podrían estar superando las concentraciones umbrales permisibles. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar en forma interactiva los metales totales disponibles en las aguas de la bahía interior del Lago Titicaca, Perú. Se realizó, entre enero y noviembre del 2016, mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia y aplicando el método teórico por comparación entre seis estaciones de selección. El Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Hg fueron los elementos determinados y cuantificados mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica por plasma inductivamente acoplado con vista axial (ICP-AES). Se observó que entre las estaciones no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p≤0.05) cuando existió una disponibilidad de exposición entre todos los elementos, aunque al comparar cada elemento por estación, existieron diferencias para las épocas de lluvia (enero-febrero-marzo) y estiaje (septiembre-octubre-noviembre). Al comparar cada estación y entre épocas, no existió diferencias estadísticamente significativas, aunque los mayores niveles de concentración correspondieron a la época de estiaje. Se concluyó que existe exposición ambiental por metales en las aguas de la Bahía Interior y donde sus concentraciones son permanentes durante todo el período del año, pudiendo traer consecuencias negativas no solo para el ecosistema, sino además a la propia salud humana dada actividades de beneficio comunitario que se desarrolla en este espacio geográfico. Palabras claves: agua, metales, toxicología ambiental, bahía interior de Puno-Perú.

Field environmental philosophy: A biocultural ethic approach to education and ecotourism for sustainability

To contribute to achieving local and global sustainability, we propose a novel educational methodology, called field environmental philosophy (FEP), which orients ecotourism practices to reconnect citizens and nature. FEP is based on the systemic approach of the biocultural ethic that values the vital links among the life habits of co-inhabitants (humans and other-than-humans) who share a common habitat. Based on this “3Hs” model (habitats, co-inhabitants, habits), FEP combines tourism with experiential education to reorient biocultural homogenization toward biocultural conservation. FEP’s methodological approach seeks to integrate social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability by generating new links between biological and cultural diversity at different spatial and social scales. Ecotourism has an underutilized potential to link sciences with education and conservation practices at different scales. By incorporating a philosophical foundation, FEP broadens both understanding and practices of environmental education and sustainable tourism. FEP has been developed at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile, at the southern end of the Americas since 2000, where it has oriented transdisciplinary work for the creation of new protected areas and ecotourism practices. FEP enables an integration of biophysical, cultural, and institutional dimensions into the design of ecotourism activities that transform and broaden the perceptions of tourists, local guides, students, and other participants to better appreciate local biological and cultural diversity. FEP’s methodology is starting to be adapted in other world regions, such as Germany, Japan, and Mexico, to integrate education and ecotourism for sustainability