Erythemal Ultraviolet Exposure of Cyclists in Valencia, Spain

[EN] UV exposure is considered to be one of the most important risk factors in skin cancers, mainly in outdoor occupational or recreational activities. Outdoor athletes such as cyclists receive regular and significant solar UV erythemal radiation (UVER). The aim of this work was to quantify UVER exposure of amateur cyclists over the course of several days in their training schedules. To quantify UVER exposure of this group, dosimeters (Viospor) were attached at the top of the helmet in the course of their training. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in June to July 2008 and February to March 2009, and involved a group of five cyclists over a period of 4 days for each period. The mean 2-day personal UV exposure was 32.24 +/- 4.14 SED (standard erythema dose) in summer and 11.30 +/- 5.36 SED in the winter period. One SED is defined as an effective radiant exposure of 100 J m-2 when weighted with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) erythemal response function. The mean exposure ratio (ER) of cyclists was 0.37 +/- 0.04 in summer and 0.40 +/- 0.11 in winter. The cyclists received the highest UVER exposure in the summer period, but in both training periods UVER exposure was in excess of occupational and recreational guidelines, indicating that protective measures are very necessary.The authors thank the members of the UPV Cycle Club for their cooperation in this study. We also thank the State Agency for Meteorology and the Generalitat Valenciana for providing us with access to their meteorological data. We would like to thank the R&D and innovation Linguistic Assistance Office, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain), for granting financial support for the linguistic revision of this paper. The research reported here was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within the research project CGL2007-61813.Serrano, M.; Cañada, J.; Moreno, J. (2010). Erythemal Ultraviolet Exposure of Cyclists in Valencia, Spain. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 86(3):716-721. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00693.xS71672186

Erythemal ultraviolet exposure in two groups of outdoor workers in Valencia, Spain

[EN] UV exposure is considered to be one of the most important risk factors in skin cancers, mainly in outdoor occupational activities. Outdoor workers receive regular and significant solar UV erythemal radiation (UVER). To quantify the UVER exposure of certain groups of workers, dosimeters are used to measure the biologically effective UV radiation received in the course of their daily work. Two groups of outdoor workers, composed of gardeners and lifeguards, were measured for UVER exposure using sensitive spore-film filter-type personal dosimeters (Viospor). The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in June and July 2008, and involved one group of four gardeners and another of five beach lifeguards for a period of 4 and 6 days, respectively. The gardeners' mean UV exposure was 4.13 +/- 0.60 SED day(-1), where 1 SED is defined as effective 100 J m(-2) when weighted with the CIE erythemal response function, whereas the lifeguards received 11.43 +/- 2.15 SED day(-1). The mean exposure ratio (ER) relative to ambient of gardeners was 0.09 +/- 0.01 and for lifeguards was 0.27 +/- 0.05. ER is defined as the ratio between the personal dose on a selected anatomical site and the corresponding ambient dose on a horizontal plane during the same exposure period. The lifeguards received the highest UVER exposure, although both groups had measured UVER exposure in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures are necessary.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within the research project CGL2007-61813. The authors thank the gardening staff of the UPV and the lifeguards and staff of the Red Cross for their cooperation in this study. We also thank the State Agency for Meteorology and the Generalitat Valenciana for providing us with access to their meteorological data. We finally thank the R&D&D&I Linguistic Assistance Office, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain), for granting financial support for the linguistic revision of this paper.Serrano, MA.; Cañada, J.; Moreno, J. (2009). Erythemal ultraviolet exposure in two groups of outdoor workers in Valencia, Spain. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 85(6):1468-1473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00609.x1468147385

Ultraviolet exposure for different outdoor sports in Valencia, Spain

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Serrano, M.-A., Cañada, J. and Moreno, J. C. (2011), Ultraviolet exposure for different outdoor sports in Valencia, Spain. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 27: 311–317., which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00620.x. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."Borrar Background: The purpose of this study is to quantify ultraviolet (UV) exposure of several groups of amateur athletes in their training or recreational schedules. Methods: The athletes were monitored using dosimeters (VioSpor).The study took place in Valencia, Spain, from May to July 2010, and involved a group of 10 mountaineers, four tennis players and five runners. Results: The mean daily personal UV exposure for mountaineers was 9.48±3.23 standard erythema dose (SED). The tennis players received a mean of 10.65±1.57 SED for every 2days of training, and the runners received a mean of 7.62±4.28 SED for every 5days of training. Conclusion: Mountaineers received a higher dose of UV exposure and have a higher exposure ratio than the tennis players, probably because they spent more time outdoors. However, the runners received a low dose of UV exposure, perhaps because their training takes place in the evening. Mean daily UV exposure of the mountaineers and tennis players exceeded 5 SED, which means that, in the case of non-sun-adapted skin type III and the non-use of sun protection, erythema may be induced in these subjects. Accordingly, it is necessary to encourage the use of high protection sunscreens and protective clothing, and to avoid UV exposure in the hottest part of the day.The translation of this paper was funded by the UPV, Spain. This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science as part of research project CGL2010-15931 and the Generalitat Valenciana as part of project PROMETEO/2010/064.Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada, J.; Moreno, J. (2011). Ultraviolet exposure for different outdoor sports in Valencia, Spain. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 27:311-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00620.xS3113172

Erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation doses received by young skiers

Children are a special group since epidemiological evidence indicates that excessive exposure to sunlight at an early age increases the risk of skin cancer in later life. The purpose of this study is to quantify children s UV exposure when skiing, using dosimeters (VioSpor) placed on the shoulders of 10 participants. The children received a median daily Standard Erythema Dose of 2.1 within a range of 4.9 0.71, this being approximately 35% of the calculated 24 h ambient UV radiation on the horizontal plane. According to the results obtained, young skiers are exposed to UV radiation that can potentially cause skin damage and erythema and increase the risk of skin cancer in the course of a lifetime. These findings emphasise the need for adequate protective measures against solar radiation when skiing. The results also suggest that sun-protection campaigns should be undertaken aimed at children engaged in outdoor sports, including winter activities.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within the research project CGL2010-15931 and the Generalitat Valenciana within project PROMETEO/2010/064.Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada, J.; Moreno, J. (2013). Erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation doses received by young skiers. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences. 12(11):1976-1983. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3pp50154j19761983121

Solar UV exposure of Primary Schoolchildren in Valencia, Spain

[EN] To quantify schoolchildren's exposure to ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER), personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were used to measure biologically effective ultraviolet (UV) radiation received in the course of their daily school activities. The study took place in two primary schools in Valencia (39 degrees 28'N), Spain, for several weeks from March 2008 until May 2009, with two age groups (6-8 years and 10-11 years) and involved about 47 schoolchildren. The median daily UV exposure values for all age groups and solar height intervals considered in the study ranged from 1.31 to 2.11 standard erythemal doses (SEDs). Individual UV exposure was analyzed as a function of age, gender and dosimeter position. Significant statistical differences were found between different age groups, with the younger age group receiving higher statistically significant UVER exposure. It was also found that boys received significantly higher UVER exposure than girls. It was also noted that shoulder dosimeters registered higher readings than wrist dosimeters. Exposure ratio (ER) is defined as the ratio between the personal dose on a selected anatomical site and the corresponding ambient dose on a horizontal plane. The median ER for all age groups and solar height intervals in the study range from 4.5% to 10.7%, with higher values at lower solar heights.We would like to thank the R&D&I Linguistic Assistance Office, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain), for granting financial support for the proof-reading of this paper. The research reported here was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within the research project CGL2007-61813.Serrano, M.; Cañada, J.; Moreno Esteve, J. (2011). Solar UV exposure of Primary Schoolchildren in Valencia, Spain. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences. 10(4):1-523. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0PP00153HS1523104IARC, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: solar and ultraviolet radiation, Lyon, 2000, 55Armstrong, B. K., & Kricker, A. (2001). The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 63(1-3), 8-18. doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00198-1B. Armstrong , How sun exposure causes skin cancer: an epidemiological perspective, In Prevention of Skin Cancer, ed by D. Hill, J. M. Elwood and D. R. English, Kluwer Academic, 2005, pp. 89-116Østerlind, A., Tucker, M. A., Stone, B. J., & Jensen, O. M. (1988). The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. II. Importance of UV-light exposure. International Journal of Cancer, 42(3), 319-324. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910420303Oliveria, S. A. (2005). Sun exposure and risk of melanoma. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(2), 131-138. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.086918Wright, C. Y., & Reeder, A. I. (2005). Youth Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure, Concurrent Activities and Sun-protective Practices: A Review. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 81(6), 1331. doi:10.1562/2005-8-19-ir-655Guy, C., Diab, R., & Martincigh, B. (2003). Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure of Children and Adolescents in Durban, South Africa¶. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 77(3), 265. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0772.0.co;2DIFFEY, B. L., GIBSON, C. J., HAYLOCK, R., & McKINLAY, A. F. (1996). Outdoor ultraviolet exposure of children and adolescents. British Journal of Dermatology, 134(6), 1030-1034. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07937.xKimlin, M., & Parisi, A. (2001). Usage of real-time ultraviolet radiation data to modify the daily erythemal exposure of primary schoolchildren. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 17(3), 130-135. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2001.170305.xGies, P., Roy, C., Toomey, S., MacLennan, R., & Watson, M. (1998). Solar UVR Exposures of Primary School Children at Three Locations in Queensland. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 68(1), 78-83. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb03255.xWright, C. Y., Reeder, A. I., Bodeker, G. E., Gray, A., & Cox, B. (2007). Solar UVR Exposure, Concurrent Activities and Sun-Protective Practices Among Primary Schoolchildren. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 83(3), 749-758. doi:10.1562/2006-08-22-ra-1010Ono, M., Munakata, N., & Watanabe, S. (2005). UV Exposure of Elementary School Children in Five Japanese Cities¶. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 81(2), 437. doi:10.1562/2004-09-06-ra-307.1Thieden, E., Philipsen, P. A., Heydenreich, J., & Wulf, H. C. (2004). UV Radiation Exposure Related to Age, Sex, Occupation, and Sun Behavior Based on Time-Stamped Personal Dosimeter Readings. Archives of Dermatology, 140(2). doi:10.1001/archderm.140.2.197Boldeman, C., Dal, H., & Wester, U. (2004). Swedish pre-school children’s UVR exposure - a comparison between two outdoor environments. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 20(1), 2-8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00069.xNorval, M., Cullen, A. P., de Gruijl, F. R., Longstreth, J., Takizawa, Y., Lucas, R. M., … van der Leun, J. C. (2007). The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 6(3), 232. doi:10.1039/b700018aMoehrle, M., Dennenmoser, B., & Garbe, C. (2003). Continuous long-term monitoring of UV radiation in professional mountain guides reveals extremely high exposure. International Journal of Cancer, 103(6), 775-778. doi:10.1002/ijc.10884Moehrle, M., & Garbe, C. (2000). Personal UV Dosimetry by Bacillus subtilis Spore Films. Dermatology, 200(1), 1-5. doi:10.1159/000018306Moehrle, M., Heinrich, L., Schmid, A., & Garbe, C. (2000). Extreme UV Exposure of Professional Cyclists. Dermatology, 201(1), 44-45. doi:10.1159/000018428Thieden, E., Agren, M. S., & Wulf, H. C. (2000). The wrist is a reliable body site for personal dosimetry of ultraviolet radiation. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 16(2), 57-61. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2000.d01-4.xMunakata, N., Ono, M., & Watanabe, S. (1998). Monitoring of Solar-UV Exposure among Schoolchildren in Five Japanese Cities Using Spore Dosimeter and UV-coloring Labels. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 89(3), 235-245. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00554.xT. B. Fitzpatrick , M.Pathak, and J. A.Parrish, Protection of human skin against the effects of the sunburn ultraviolet (290-320 nm), In Sunlight and Man: Normal and Abnormal Photobiologic Responses, ed. by M. A. Pathak, L. C. Harber, M. Seiji and A. Kukita, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1974, p. 751Furusawa, Y., Quintern, L. E., Holtschmidt, H., Koepke, P., & Saito, M. (1998). Determination of erythema-effective solar radiation in Japan and Germany with a spore monolayer film optimized for the detection of UVB and UVA - results of a field campaign. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 50(5), 597-603. doi:10.1007/s002530051341World Health Organization, Global Solar UV Index: A Practical guide, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002Herlihy, E., Gies, P. H., Roy, C. R., & Jones, M. (1994). PERSONAL DOSIMETRY OF SOLAR UV RADIATION FOR DIFFERENT OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 60(3), 288-294. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05106.xHOLMAN, C. D. J., GIBSON, I. M., STEPHENSON, M., & ARMSTRONG, B. K. (1983). Ultraviolet irradiation of human body sites in relation to occupation and outdoor activity: field studies using personal UVR dosimeters. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 8(3), 269-277. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1983.tb01779.

Solar ultraviolet doses and vitamin D in a northern mid-latitude

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the most important factors in the development of skin cancer in human, solar erythema and skin aging. Nevertheless, numerous studies have shown the benefits of UV solar radiation in moderate doses, such as the reduction of blood pressure and mental health, treatment of various diseases, and the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. This paper analyses data from solar ultraviolet erythemal (UVER) irradiance in W/m2 measured in a northern mid-latitude as Valencia (Spain) for the period 2003-2010. To estimate effective solar UV radiation in the production of vitamin D (UVD) we used the relationship proposed by McKenzie et al., 2009. It was obtained for one month for each season the minimum exposure time needed around solar noon and at 9 UTC and 15 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) to obtain the recommended daily dose of 1000 IU. Also, it has been calculated time for erythema induction around solar noon for the same months. The median UVER daily dose during the summer months was 4000 J/m2day, and 700 J/m2day in winter. With regard to UVD, the median UVD daily dose in summer season was 7700 J/m2day, and in winter it was 1000 J/m2day. Around noon in January it takes more than two hours of solar exposure to obtain the recommended daily dose of vitamin D, whereas the rest of the year range between 7 minutes on July and 31 minutes on October. For the same months around noon, exposure times to produce erythema were obtained, these being of higher value to the previous. The results show that it is difficult to obtain the recommended vitamin D doses in winter in a northern mid-latitude, as the human body is almost entirely covered in this season.The research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within research project CGL2010-15931/CLI and by the Generalitat Valenciana within the project PROMETEO/2010/064.María-Antonia Serrano; Cañada, J.; Moreno, J.; Gurrea-Ysasi, G. (2017). Solar ultraviolet doses and vitamin D in a northern mid-latitude. Science of the Total Environment. 574:744-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.102S74475057

Personal UV Exposure for Different Outdoor Sports

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major environmental risk factor in the development of skin cancers and it occurs mainly during outdoor activities. The purpose of this study is to quantify the UV exposure suffered by amateur athletes (tennis players, hikers and runners) in their training schedules. The study on tennis player exposure took place at a tennis club in Valencia during the month of June 2011. With respect to the hiking group, the hikes studied took place in several mountainous areas of Spain and France from June to August 2011. Finally, the exposure suffered by ten runners, while participating in a running circuit in the province of Valencia, from March to November 2011, was studied. The athletes were monitored using personal dosimeters (VioSpor), with the tennis players and runners wearing them on the wrist, and the hikers on the shoulder. The median daily personal UV exposure for the hikers was 8.1 Standard Erythema Dose (SED), and for the tennis players 7.5 SED, per day of training. The runners received a median of 14.6 SED while participating in the running circuit, and about 2 SED per competition day. Median daily UV exposure of the hikers and tennis players exceeded 5 SED, which means that, in the case of non sun-adapted skin type III and the non-use of sun protection, erythema may be induced in these subjects. However, the exposure suffered by the runners did not exceed the maximum personal exposure of 5 SED. Accordingly, it is necessary to encourage the use of high protection sunscreens and protective clothing, and to avoid UV exposure in the hottest part of the day.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science as part of research project CGL2010-15931 and the Generalitat Valenciana as part of project PROMETEO/2010/064.Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada, J.; Moreno, J.; Gurrea Ysasi, G. (2014). Personal UV Exposure for Different Outdoor Sports. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences. 13(4):671-679. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3pp50348h671679134Sklar, L. R., Almutawa, F., Lim, H. W., & Hamzavi, I. (2013). Effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on erythema and pigmentation: a review. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 12(1), 54-64. doi:10.1039/c2pp25152cNorval, M., Lucas, R. M., Cullen, A. P., de Gruijl, F. R., Longstreth, J., Takizawa, Y., & van der Leun, J. C. (2011). The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 10(2), 199. doi:10.1039/c0pp90044cLucas, R. M., McMichael, A. J., Armstrong, B. K., & Smith, W. T. (2008). Estimating the global disease burden due to ultraviolet radiation exposure. 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Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 6(3), 232. doi:10.1039/b700018aKampman, M. T., & Steffensen, L. H. (2010). The role of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 101(2), 137-141. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.04.003Zittermann, A., & Gummert, J. F. (2010). Sun, vitamin D, and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 101(2), 124-129. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.01.006Grant, W. B. (2010). Relation between prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and incidence of breast, colorectal, and other cancers. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 101(2), 130-136. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.04.008Bikle, D. D. (2012). Protective actions of vitamin D in UVB induced skin cancer. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 11(12), 1808. doi:10.1039/c2pp25251aHumble, M. B. (2010). Vitamin D, light and mental health. 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Levin , International Agency for Research on Cancer , Lyon , 2008Cáncer en cifras, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Available at http://193.146.50.130/morta/grafs.php#grafs [accessed 1-10-12]Stratigos, A. J., Forsea, A. M., van der Leest, R. J. T., de Vries, E., Nagore, E., Bulliard, J.-L., … del Marmol, V. (2012). Euromelanoma: a dermatology-led European campaign against nonmelanoma skin cancer and cutaneous melanoma. Past, present and future. British Journal of Dermatology, 167, 99-104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11092.xAmbros-Rudolph, C. M., Hofmann-Wellenhof, R., Richtig, E., Müller-Fürstner, M., Soyer, H. P., & Kerl, H. (2006). Malignant Melanoma in Marathon Runners. Archives of Dermatology, 142(11). doi:10.1001/archderm.142.11.1471Richtig, E., Ambros-Rudolph, C. M., Trapp, M., Lackner, H. K., Hofmann-Wellenhof, R., Kerl, H., & Schwaberger, G. (2008). Melanoma Markers in Marathon Runners: Increase with Sun Exposure and Physical Strain. Dermatology, 217(1), 38-44. doi:10.1159/000121473Downs, N., Parisi, A., & Schouten, P. (2011). Basal and squamous cell carcinoma risks for golfers: An assessment of the influence of tee time for latitudes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 105(1), 98-105. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.07.007Moehrle, M., Korn, M., & Garbe, C. (2000). Bacillus subtilis spore film dosimeters in personal dosimetry for occupational solar ultraviolet exposure. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 73(8), 575-580. doi:10.1007/s004200000183Rigel, E. G., Lebwohl, M. G., Rigel, A. C., & Rigel, D. S. (2003). Ultraviolet Radiation in Alpine Skiing. Archives of Dermatology, 139(1). doi:10.1001/archderm.139.1.60Siani, A. M., Casale, G. R., Diémoz, H., Agnesod, G., Kimlin, M. G., Lang, C. A., & Colosimo, A. (2008). Personal UV exposure in high albedo alpine sites. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8(14), 3749-3760. doi:10.5194/acp-8-3749-2008Serrano, M.-A., Cañada, J., & Moreno, J. C. (2011). Ultraviolet exposure for different outdoor sports in Valencia, Spain. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 27(6), 311-317. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00620.xMoehrle, M., Heinrich, L., Schmid, A., & Garbe, C. (2000). Extreme UV Exposure of Professional Cyclists. Dermatology, 201(1), 44-45. doi:10.1159/000018428Serrano, M. A., Cañada, J., & Moreno, J. C. (2010). Erythemal Ultraviolet Exposure of Cyclists in Valencia, Spain. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 86(3), 716-721. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00693.xHerlihy, E., Gies, P. H., Roy, C. R., & Jones, M. (1994). PERSONAL DOSIMETRY OF SOLAR UV RADIATION FOR DIFFERENT OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 60(3), 288-294. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05106.xBiosense Laboratories, Available at http://www.biosense.de/home-e.htm [accessed 16-01-13]Serrano, M. 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Solar UV exposure of children in a summer school in Valencia, Spain

Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the major environmental factor involved in the development of skin cancers and occurs mainly during outdoor activities. During summer schools, children receive regular and significant solar ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) while practising outdoor activities. Personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were attached to the shoulders of schoolchildren and used to quantify their exposure to UVER. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, during July 2008, with three age groups (7–8, 9–10 and 11–12 years old) and involved about 15 schoolchildren. The median (25, 75 percentiles) twice-daily UV exposure values for all groups was 5.49 (3.59, 8.00) standard erythemal doses (SEDs), where 1 SED is defined as effective 100 Jm−2 when weighted with the CIE erythemal response function. Exposure ratio (ER) is defined as the ratio between the personal dose on a selected body site and the corresponding ambient dose received on a horizontal plane during the same exposure period. The median (25, 75 percentiles) ER value for all groups in the study was 5.9% (4.1, 8.7).The research reported here was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within the research project CGL2007-61813 and the Generalitat Valenciana within the project PROMETEO/2010/064Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada Ribera, LJ.; Moreno Esteve, JC. (2012). Solar UV exposure of children in a summer school in Valencia, Spain. International Journal of Biometeorology. 56:371-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0440-7S37137756Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. http://www.aemet.es/ . Accessed 5 March 2010Armstrong BK (2005) How sun exposure causes skin cancer: an epidemiological perspective, In: Hill D, Elwood JM, English DR (eds) Prevention of skin cancer. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 89–116Armstrong BK, Kricker A (2001) The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B 63:8–18Biosense Laboratories. http://www.biosense.de/viosp-e.htm . Accessed 5 March 2010Boldeman C, Dal H, Wester U (2004) Swedish pre-school children’s UVR exposure - a comparison between two outdoor environments. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 20:2–8Fitzpatrick TB, Pathak M, Parrish JA (1974) Protection of human skin against the effects of the sunburn ultraviolet (290–320 nm). In: Pathak MA, Harber LC, Seiji M, Kukita A (eds) Sunlight and man: normal and abnormal photobiologic responses. University of Tokyo Press, TokyoFurusawa Y, Quintern LE, Holtschmidt H, Koepke P, Saito M (1998) Determination of erythema-effective solar radiation in Japan and Germany with a spore monolayer film optimized for the detection of UVA and UVA - results of a field campaign. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:597–603Grant WB, Holick MF (2005) Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review. Altern Med Rev 10:94–104Guy CY, Diab RD, Martincigh BM (2003) Ultraviolet radiation exposure of children and adolescents in Durban, South Africa. Photochem Photobiol 77:265–270IARC (2000) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: solar and ultraviolet radiation 55. IARC, LyonInternational Commission on Illumination (1997) Standard erythema dose, a review. CIE J 125:1–5International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (1995) Global Solar UV Index. ICNIRP-1/95International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (2004) Guidelines on limits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (incoherent optical radiation). Health Phys 87:171–186International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association (1985) Guidelines on limits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (incoherent optical radiation). Health Phys 49:331–340Kimlin M, Parisi A (2001) Usage of real-time ultraviolet radiation data to modify the daily erythemal exposure of primary schoolchildren. 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Solar UV exposure in construction workers in Valencia, Spain

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has long been recognized as the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma and skin cancer. Outdoor workers are among the groups most at risk from exposure to solar UVR in their daily activities. Sensitive spore-film filter-type personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were used to measure the biologically effective UVR received by construction workers in the course of their daily work. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in July 2010 and involved a group of eight workers for a period of 5 days. The median UV exposure was 6.11 standard erythema dose (SED) per day, with 1 SED defined as effective 100 J/m 2 when weighted with the Commission Internationale de L'Eeclairage erythemal response function. These workers were found to receive a median of 13.9% of total daily ambient ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER). Comparison with the occupational UVR exposure limit showed that the subjects had received UVER exposure in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures against this risk are highly advisable.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 27 June 2012; doi:10.1038/jes.2012.58.We wish to thank the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia building staff for their cooperation in this study. We are also grateful to the State Agency for Meteorology and the Generalitat Valenciana for providing us with access to their meteorological data. We would like to thank the R&D&I Linguistic Assistance Office, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain) for granting financial support for proofreading this paper. 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Spectral Relative Attenuation of Solar Radiation through a Skylight Focused on Preventive Conservation: Museo De L'almoina in Valencia (Spain) Case Study

[EN] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relative attenuation of VIS, UV and NIR solar radiation through a large pond skylight into the interior of the l'Almoina Archaeological Museum (Valencia, Spain), and to determine how relative attenuation varied throughout the year and time of day. Measurements were taken at 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. during July 2019 and January 2020. Relative attenuation values were obtained from the measurement of spectral irradiance in the exterior and at different points in the interior by means of two Ocean Optics spectrometers: HR4000CG-UV-NIR for VIS (400-700 nm) and NIR (700-1000 nm) bands, and FLAME-S-UV-VIS for UV-A (280-315 nm) and UV-A (315-400 nm) bands. The central points of the skylight had relative attenuation at 520 nm, reaching a value of 50% in summer at noon and 38% in the afternoon. At noon in winter, there were two relative attenuation peaks above 33% at 520 nm and at 900 nm. For mean relative attenuation, in the UVB range, the highest relative attenuation (20%) was inside the ruins in the morning in both summer and winter, and the UVA band relative attenuation was quite constant throughout the museum, but lower than that of the UVB band, in the range 0-3%.Serrano, M.; Baró Zarzo, JL.; Moreno, J.; García Diego, FJ. (2021). Spectral Relative Attenuation of Solar Radiation through a Skylight Focused on Preventive Conservation: Museo De L'almoina in Valencia (Spain) Case Study. Sensors. 21(14):1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144651S121211