Evaluación espacio-temporal de las aguas y suelos de la zona colindante al lago de la Albufera de Valencia: Intento de recuperación

La Albufera de Valencia, por su alto valor paisajístico y ambiental, es uno de los humedales más importantes de la península ibérica. Declarada Parque Natural en 1986 está incluida también en la lista de zonas húmedas de importancia internacional para las Aves (Convenio RAMSAR). El agua es el principal recurso del parque y su ciclo natural determina la vida de éste. En este sentido desde la expansión del cultivo del arroz a principios del pasado siglo, la evolución del humedal ha quedado condicionada al complejo sistema de regadío que controla las entradas y salidas de agua del lago. El manejo del arrozal supone el paso de aguas superficiales desde las parcelas superiores a las de inferior cota, hasta llegar a los denominados ¿tancats¿ (unidades hidrológicas características de la zona, formadas por parcelas de arroz a cota inferior a la lámina de agua del lago y situadas en el anillo circundante a éste). Los problemas a los que se ha enfrentado el Parque en las últimas décadas se refieren principalmente a la calidad del agua y sus implicaciones con la salinidad del suelo. Aunque el parque ha sido objeto de diversidad de estudios, ni se han definido sus suelos ni tampoco se ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo de la relación de las aguas freáticas y superficiales respecto a la salinidad. Es por ello que nace el presente trabajo de investigación que pretende caracterizar y evaluar la calidad de las aguas y los suelos del Parque desde el punto de vista espacial y temporal con respecto a la salinidad. Para ello se ha establecido un plan de trabajo en cuatro líneas de actuación que corresponden al control de las aguas superficiales y freáticas de 133 piezómetros instalados, el control de 54 acequias que aportan aguas a las parcelas de arroz, el control del nivel freático y de lámina libre en los piezómetros y, por último, el estudio de los suelos. Los diferentes análisis realizado son pH y Conductividad Eléctrica (CE), Na+ , K+ , Cl- , SO4 -2 , HCO3 - , CO3 -2 , Ca+2, Mg+2, Total de Sólidos Disueltos (TDS), Relación de Adsorción de Sodio (RAS) para aguas; y textura, materia orgánica, carbonatos, color, Conductividad Eléctrica del extracto de saturación CEe, pH del extracto, además del valor n, la humedad de saturación y los elementos gruesos, hierro, además de calcular del extracto de saturación los cationes y aniones principales en suelos. El estudio de la evolución durante 32 meses de la calidad de las aguas en los 133 piezómetros y las 54 acequias han permitido establecer que la zona norte del lago sufre salinización por la influencia de la capa freática elevada que está íntimamente relacionada con la distancia al lago y la cota además de con el ciclo del cultivo del arroz. La salinidad en las muestras de acequias y las de lámina libre presentan valores de CE aceptables para el uso en el arroz, habiéndose detectado una salinización de estas por el efecto de la capa freática fluctuante y la salinidad de los suelos. La clasificación taxonómica de los suelos se agrupan en tres subórdenes: Aquents, Fluvents y Salids. Con todos los resultados expuestos se ha caracterizado dos recursos importantísimos en el humedal cuyo conocimiento era parcial o nulo puesto que no existían datos de cotas piezométricas ni de calidad de agua ni variables edáficas a tanto detalle y con una densidad de muestreo tan alta.Moreno Ramón, H. (2013). Evaluación espacio-temporal de las aguas y suelos de la zona colindante al lago de la Albufera de Valencia: Intento de recuperación [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/32827TESI

Coffee husk mulch on soil erosion and runoff: experiences under rainfall simulation experiment

[EN] The high erosion rates found in the agriculture land make valuable the use of mulches to control the soil and water losses. Coffee husk (Coffea canephora var. robusta) can be one of those mulches. This paper evaluates how to apply the mulch in order to obtain the best effectiveness. An experimental factorial design 4×3×2 with two replicates was designed in a greenhouse with a total number of 48 cases. All the samples were deposited in trays of 0.51m2 and applied a simulated rain of 122mmh−1 during 21 min. The factors examined were the following: four soil classes; three treatments buried (B), surface (S) and non-residue (C) and the presence (WC) or absence (WOC) of the soil surface crusting. The coffee husk residue (S and B treatments) reduced runoff by 10.2 and 46% respectively, soil losses by 78.3 and 88.7% and sediment concentration by 77 and 84.4 %. The infiltration rate increased on average by 104 and 167 %, and time to runoff by 1.58 and 2.07 min respectively. Coffee husk is an efficient mulch to reduce the soil and water losses, although it could not completely cushion the influence of crust.Moreno-Ramón, H.; Quizembe, S.; Ibañez Asensio, S. (2014). Coffee husk mulch on soil erosion and runoff: experiences under rainfall simulation experiment. Solid Earth and Discussions. 5:851-862. doi:10.5194/se-5-851-2014S8518625Abdelkadir, A. and Yimer, F.: Soil water property variations in three adjacent land use types in the Rift Valley area of Ethiopia, J. Arid Environ., 75, 1067–1071, 2011.Adekalu, K. O., Okunade, D. A., and Osunbitan, J. A.: Compaction and mulching effects on soil loss and runoff from two southwestern Nigeria agriculture soils, Geoderma, 137, 226–230, 2006.Bakr, N., Weindorf, D. C., Zhu, Y., Arceneaux, A. E., and Selim, H. M.: Evaluation of compost/mulch as highway embankment erosion control in Louisiana at the plot-scale, J. Hydrol., 468–469, 257–267, 2012.Bekalo, S. 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Rice Paddy Soil Seedbanks Composition in a Mediterranean Wetland and the Influence of Winter Flooding

[EN] Soil seedbanks are defined in composition and quantity by many environmental factors inherent to a specific area, and they can be an indicator of the potential problems of weeds in crops. In Valencia (Spain), rice is cultivated with continuous flooding during the growing season, and after harvesting, many of the paddy fields are flooded again during the winter. This study investigates the paddy fields' soil seedbank composition in this Mediterranean paddy area and the effect of winter flooding on the soil seedbank. Multispectral images from the Sentinel-2 satellite were used to characterise the water level of paddies in winter. Satellite images facilitated the characterisation of winter flooding in fields. Soil samples from sixty-nine points distributed over 15,000 ha of paddies were used to determine the composition of the seedbank plots. The data were spatially represented by geographic information systems. The species that contributed most to the paddy seedbank were Cyperus difformis L., an important rice weed in the Mediterranean area, and other rice weeds such as Echinochloa sp. and Leptochloa fusca subspecies. Other species with a great contribution to the seedbank are species that develop in paddy fields that produce a large quantity of small seeds, such as Lemna sp., Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf., and Nasturtium officinale R. Br. These species interfere little or do not interfere with the rice crop. The study revealed that in general, flooding reduced seedbank density with differences between species. Furthermore, the influence of winter flooding on the different plant species obtained as well as their distribution maps are a further step in this protected area from the point of view of weed management in rice crop, as well as in the management of this Mediterranean wetland.The Spanish Society ofWeed Science (SEMh) has contributed by granting one of the authors, F. Galan, funding to carry out this research. This research has not received any other external funding.Osca Lluch, JM.; Galán, F.; Moreno-Ramón, H. (2021). Rice Paddy Soil Seedbanks Composition in a Mediterranean Wetland and the Influence of Winter Flooding. Agronomy. 11(6):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy1106119911611

Métodos para la determinación del coeficiente de escorrentía

En este artículo analizan los diferentes métodos para estimar la producción de escorrentía a partir de las características del terreno sobre el que se produce la precipitación pluvialIbañez Asensio, S.; Moreno Ramón, H.; Gisbert Blanquer, JM. (2011). Métodos para la determinación del coeficiente de escorrentía. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1078

Pyrethroids levels in paddy field water under Mediterranean conditions: measurements and distribution modelling

[EN] The cultivation of rice (Oriza sativa L.) under Mediterranean conditions regularly requires the use of treated wastewater due to shortage of freshwater. As a consequence, the intensification of rice production to supply the uprising demand of grain could break the stability between agriculture and environment. In this work, we studied the occurrence and distribution of pyrethroids in surface water and groundwater collected during two periods (flooding and dry soil conditions) in paddy fields located in the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Pyrethroids were detected at concentrations ranging from 14 to 1450 ng L-1 in surface water and from 6 to 833 ng L-1 in groundwater. The results obtained were valuated statistically using principal component analysis, and differences between both sampling campaigns were found, with lower concentrations of the target compounds during the flooding sampling event. Moreover, a geographic information system program was used to represent a model distribution of the obtained results, showing wastewater treatment plants as the main sources of contamination and the decrease of pyrethroids during flooding condition when water flows over the paddy fields. The impact of these compounds on water quality was discussed.Authors wish to thank INIA for the predoctoral fellowship (R. Aznar) and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness RTA2014-00012-C03-01 for financial support.Aznar, R.; Sánchez Brunete, C.; Albero, B.; Moreno-Ramón, H.; Tadeo, JL. (2017). Pyrethroids levels in paddy field water under Mediterranean conditions: measurements and distribution modelling. Paddy and Water Environment. 15(2):307-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-016-0550-2S307316152Albalawneh A, Chang TK, Chou CS (2015) Impacts on soil quality from long-term irrigation with treated greywater. 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Estima de precipitaciones máximas por el método de Gumbell

En este artículo se explica la forma de estimar la precipitación máxima esoerada en una zona mediante el método de Gumbell, método especialmente elaborado para el tratamiento estadístico de episodios de lluvia de gran torrencialidad, y por lo tanto de carácter excepcional.Ibañez Asensio, S.; Moreno Ramón, H.; Gisbert Blanquer, JM. (2011). Estima de precipitaciones máximas por el método de Gumbell. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1077

La Escala de Mohs: Dureza de los Minerales

Descripción del concepto de dureza de un mineral y su medida mediante la escala de MohsMoreno Ramón, H.; Ibañez Asensio, S. (2018). La Escala de Mohs: Dureza de los Minerales. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/105177DE

Procesos formadores de pérdida

En este artículo se presentan las idas clave relativas a la formación de horizontes como consecuencia de la pérdida de materiales o componentes del perfil del suelo. El lector de este documento será capaz de entender las peculiaridades de los procesos formadores de pérdida. identificando las formas en las que los materiales son eliminados del perfil del suelo y las sustancias que pueden verse afectadas. Estos conocimientos serán de gran utilidad a la hora de comprender las propiedades de los suelos agrícolas y forestales, así como para su clasificación y evaluación.Ibañez Asensio, S.; Moreno Ramón, H. (2019). Procesos formadores de pérdida. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/122814DE

Gamificación en el entorno universitario: Un break out educativo en asignaturas de Génesis de Suelos

[EN] Gamification is one of the most used methodologies in the educational field in the last years. More Specifically, it has been implanted in primary and secondary education levels, being reluctant to apply it in higher education areas. Faced with a tedious and monotonous practical classes with a lot of information on mineralogical contents, it is intended to apply this methodology in a first course of the degrees of forestry and agronomic Engineering at the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia. A total of 173 students carried out a practical activity with the use of different tests to recognize minerals (crossword puzzles, QR codes, etc.). The main objective was to motivate the student and to learn and strengthen the knowledge previously acquired by having to perform independently at home a previous work (flip teaching). Outcomes showed that gamification motivates the student, since more than 80% of the surveyed students considered this activity as motivating, classifying it as adequate for the university level more than 90% of the students.[ES] La gamificación es una de las metodologías actuales más implantadas en el ámbito educacional en los últimos años. Más concretamente ha sido implantada en niveles de educación de primaria y secundaria, siendo reticente su aplicación en ámbitos de la educación superior. Frente a una clase tediosa y monótona, llena de contenidos de mineralogía, se pretende aplicar dicha metodología en una asignatura de primer curso de los grados de Ingeniería forestal y agronómica en la Universitat Politècnica de Valencia. Un total de 173 alumnos realizaron una actividad practica con el uso de diferentes pruebas para reconocer minerales (crucigramas, códigos qr, etc.). El objetivo principal era motivar al alumno y que este aprendiera y afianzara los conocimientos adquiridos anteriormente al tener que realizar de forma autónoma en casa un trabajo previo (flip teaching). Los resultados demostraron que la gamificación motiva al estudiante, puesto que más del 80% del alumnado encuestado vio motivante dicha actividad, clasificándola como adecuada para el nivel universitario más del 90% de los alumnos.Moreno Ramón, H.; Ibañez Asensio, S. (2019). Gamificación en el entorno universitario: Un break out educativo en asignaturas de Génesis de Suelos. En IN-RED 2019. V Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1034-1041. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2019.2019.10529OCS1034104

Procesos formadores de ganancia

En este artículo se presentan las idas clave relativas a los procesos que dan origen a la formación de los diferentes tipos de suelos que podemos encontrar en el mundo. a la formación de horizontes como consecuencia de la incorporación de materiales nuevos al perfil del suelo. El lector de este documento será capaz de entender: las peculiaridades de los procesos de adición de sustancias en el suelo, identificar las formas en las que las partículas (materiales orgánicos y materiales minerales) se incorporan y, finalmente, conocer sustancias que pueden verse afectadas. Estos conocimientos son necesarios en todo proceso de identificación y clasificación de los horizontes del perfil del suelo.Ibañez Asensio, S.; Moreno Ramón, H. (2019). Procesos formadores de ganancia. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/122732DE