Cirugía transnasal transesfenoidal endoscópica en afecciones de región selar Endoscopic transsphenoidal transnasal surgery in affections of the sellar region

Para un gran número de tumores pituitarios la cirugía es e l tratamiento de primera línea y el abordaje transesfenoidal microquirúrgico el más utilizado. En estos momentos este procedimiento se ejecuta tanto por la vía microscópica como endoscópica. Recientemente el abordaje transnasal endoscópico ha irrumpido como una opción en desarrollo, que pudiera llegar a predominar en un futuro próximo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar, mediante el análisis de los resultados, y - si es posible - realizar en nuestro medio el abordaje transnasal transesfenoidal endoscópico par a las lesiones de la región selar con resultados quirúrgicos al menos similares a los obtenidos con el método microquirúrgico tradicional . Se realizó una investigación limitada tipo cohorte, estrictamente controlada y prospectiva, de 10 pacientes seleccionados según criterios de inclusión, a quienes se les practicó el abordaje transnasal endoscópico como método de tratamiento quirúrgico, entre agosto del año 2002 y el mismo mes de 2003, en el servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras". Se operaron 6 casos que tenían macroadenomas hipofisarios: 3 productores de hormona del crecimiento (GH), 1 secretor de prolactina (PRL) y otros 2 no productores. A los 4 restantes se les había diagnosticado fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) a través del piso selar. De los 6 macroadenomas, en 5 se logró exéresis total del tumor, mientras que en el otro se obtuvo exéresis subtotal. La rinorrea desapareció en 2 pacientes con fístula de LCR y se mantuvo en los otros 2. De las complicaciones observadas en el 30 % de los casos, solo en 1 (10 %) trascendieron más allá del transoperatorio. Se concluye que los resultados obtenidos con la utilización del método transnasal endoscópico hacen el procedimiento en nuestro medio lo suficientemente seguro como para justificar su realización, y a su vez efectuar estudios posteriores aleatorizados y controlados, en busca de información más consistente en relación con el valor real de la técnica, a estas alturas del desarrollo de la cirugía hipofisaria.<br>For a great number of pitituary tumors surgery is the first-line treatment and the microsurgical transsphenoidal approach is the most used. At present, it is performed by microscopic and endoscopic way. Recently, the endoscopic transnasal approach has emerged as an option under development that could predominate in a near future. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate by analyzing the results if it was possible to perform in our setting the endoscopic transsphenoidal transnasal approach for the lesions of the sellar region with surgical results similar at least to those obtained with the traditional microsurgical method. A limited strictly controlled and prospective cohort research of 10 patients selected according to the inclusion criteria that underwent transnasal endoscopic surgery between August 2002 and August 2003 at the Neurosurgery service of &#8220;Hermanos Ameijeiras&#8221; Hospital, was conducted. 6 cases with hypophyseal macroadenomas were operated on (3 GH-releasing, 1 PRL-secreting and 2 non-releasing hypophyseal macroadenomas). The other 4 were diagnosed LCR fistula through the sellar floor. Total exeresis of the tumor was performed in 5 of the 6 macroadenomas, whereas subtotal exeresis was attained in the other one. Rhinorrhea disappeared in 2 patients with LCR fistula and it was maintained in the other 2. Of the complications observed in 30 % of the cases, only in one (10 %), they were beyond the transoperative. It was concluded that the results obtained by using the endoscopic transnasal method make the procedure in our setting safe enough to justify its implementation and to carry out further randomized and controlled studies searching for more consistent information in relation to the real value of the technique at this level of development of the hypophyseal surgery

Stereotaxis: Its history, generalities and updating.

The brain is considered the human being’s organ rector, it is characterized by its fragility, complexity and fineness, therefore any surgical intervention on him should be precise and sure. The present publication revises in way chronological aspects of national and international relevance related with the history of the stereotaxy, the medicals principles and technicians in that its operation is sustained approaches, and it summarizes the indications, complication and contraindications of the technique. The work conception is explained in team that they require these considerations, based on the experience of Service of Neurosurgery of Cienfuegos, current considerations of the present and future of the stereotaxy are emitted.<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong></strong></span

Cirugía transesfenoidal: primera opción de tratamiento para adenomas hipofisarios secretores de GH Transsphenoidal surgery: first treatment option for GH secreting hypophyseal adenomas

La elevación de los niveles de hormona del crecimiento (GH) promueve el crecimiento grotesco de partes acras (acromegalia) o incremento de la talla (gigantismo) según la edad, así como trastornos metabólicos de relevancia biológica. La adenomectomía selectiva clasifica entre las modalidades de tratamiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los resultados del tratamiento microquirúrgico por vía transeptoesfenoidal de los adenomas productores de GH en nuestro medio. Presentamos un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes intervenidos por vía transeptoesfenoidal, por esta variedad de adenomas, en el servicio de neurocirugía del Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" desde 1996 al 2003. Se analizaron edad, sexo, síntomas cardinales, imaginología, niveles hormonales, complicaciones y evolución posoperatoria. Resultó que las complicaciones relacionadas con el proceder quirúrgico no fueron relevantes y ninguna persistió más allá del mes. La diabetes insípida fue la más frecuente. Los síntomas mejoraron y los títulos de GH descendieron por debajo de los niveles de curación en el 58,06 % de los operados. Se concluye que la adenomectomía transeptoesfenoidal es un proceder seguro y recomendable como tratamiento de elección en estos pacientes.<br>The elevation of the growth hormone (GH) levels enhances the grotesque growth of acral parts (acromegaly) or the increase of height (gigantism) according to age, as well as metabolic disorders of biological relevance. The selective adenotomy is among the treatment modalities. The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the results of the microsurgical transseptosphenoidal treatment of the GH producing adenomas in our setting. A retrospective study of patients that underwent transseptosphenoidal surgery for presenting this variety of adenomas at the neurosurgery service of "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital from 1996 to 2003, was conducted. Age, cardinal symptoms, imaging, hormonal levels, complications and evolution, were analyzed. Complications related to the surgical procedure were not significant and none of them persisted more than a month. Diabetes insipidus was the most frequent. The symptoms improved and the GH titers were under the cure levels in 58.06 % of the operated on. It was concluded that transseptosphenoidal adenotomy is a safe and recommendable procedure as an elective treatment in these patient

Abordajes transesfenoidales: primera opción para lesiones de región selar con criterio quirúrgico Transsphenoidal approaches: first option for injuries of the sellar region with surgical criterion

La región selar es sitio de asiento de lesiones diversas; las tumorales son las más comunes. Entre ellas, los adenomas hipofisarios constituyen el tercer tipo de tumor primario más frecuente en el sistema nervioso central. Los abordajes quirúrgicos empleados para su solución son transcraneales y transesfenoidales. Analizamos aquí los resultados de la cirugía selar durante los últimos 8 años en el hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras", a través de variables como abordaje, tipos de lesión, características imagenológicas y endocrinológicas, evolución posoperatoria, mortalidad y complicaciones. Se intervinieron 273 lesiones (18 transcraneales y 255 transesfenoidales), 222 adenomas (150 funcionantes y 72 no funcionantes), 27 Aracnoidoceles, 13 fístulas de líquido cefalorraquídeo y otras 11 lesiones tumorales. Los adenomas no funcionantes fueron 70 macroadenomas y 2 microadenomas, y los funcionantes 84 macroadenomas y 66 microadenomas. El control fue siempre superior en los microadenomas. Se resolvieron el 53,8 % de las fístulas. En pacientes con silla turca vacía, mejoró el defecto campimétrico en el 69,2 % y se resolvió la fístula en el 71,4. La evaluación por imágenes en el posoperatorio del resto de las lesiones arrojó que de 6 craneofaringiomas, en 5 predominantemente quísticos se logró exéresis total y en uno parcial. El resto de las lesiones se resecaron totalmente. La morbilidad operatoria fue 18,31 % en toda la serie, notablemente inferior en los abordajes transesfenoidales; la mortalidad, solo presente entre los abordajes transcraneales, representó el 0,73. Los resultados en este estudio avalan los abordajes transesfenoidales, como métodos más útiles y confiables para tratar lesiones selares.The tumoral injuries are the most common of the diverse injuries appearing in the sellar region. Among them, the hypophyseal adenomas are the third type of the most frequent primary tumor in the central nervous system. The surgical approaches used for their solution are transcranial and transsphenoidal. We analized the results of sellar surgery during the last 8 years at "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital through variables such as approach, type of injury, imaging and endocrinological characteristics, postoperative evolution, mortality and complications. 273 injuries were operated on (18 transcranial and 255 transphenoidal), 222 adenomas (150 functioning and 72 nonfunctioning), 27 arachnoidoceles, 13 fistulas of cerebrospinal fluid and other 11 tumoral injuries. The nonofunctioning adenomas were 70 macroadenomas and 2 microadenomas, whereas the functioning were 84 macroadenomas and 66 microadenomas. The control was always higher in microadenomas. 53,8 % of the fistulas were resolved. In patients with empty sella, the campimetric defect improved in 69,2 % and fistula was solved in 71,4 %. The evaluation by images in the postoperative of the rest of the injuries showed that of 6 craniopharyngiomas, total exeresis was attained in 5 predominantly cystic, and partial exeresis in one. The rest of the injuries were totally resected. Operative morbidity was 18,31 % in the whole series. It was significantly lower in the transsphenoidal approaches. Mortality was only present in transcranial approaches and it accounted for 0.73. The results in this study show that the transsphenoidal approaches are useful and reliable methods to treat sellar injuries

Hydrocephaly management in patients with tumors in the posterior fossa.

<strong>Introduction: </strong>Preoperative hydrocephalus is reported in about 80 % of posterior fossa tumor patients and in 15-40% of cases postoperative treatment for persistent or progressive hydrocephalus is required. There is no consensus on the way hydrocephalus should be managed before, during, and after PF surgery. <strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the presence of hidrocephalia in the tumors of the PF and the therapeutic focus in our means. <strong>Methods: </strong>We report a descriptive, retrospective study of 10 adult patients with posterior fossa mass lesions and obstructive hydrocephalus who were managed medically for compensate intracranial hypertension plus observation and were operated through posterior fossa craniectomy and tumor excision as unique method of surgical treatment. <strong>Results:</strong> In all 10 cases clinical improvement was obtained immediately after medical treatment. Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was totally restored only by tumor excision in 9 patients. The other case had progression of hydrocephalus after surgery and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted. Radiological normal sized ventricles was obtained between one and two months of surgery <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Surgical elimination of CFS circulation obstacle helped by medical treatment for lower intracranial pressure should be considered as a safe option in adult patients, reserving endoscopic ventriculostomy and shunt insertion for cases with persistent or progressive hydrocephalus after treatment. Prospective multicenters randomized trials are needed to obtain stronger evidences

Updating on the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage is a frequent affection with a devastating effect up the central Nervous system. Although many studies have been carried out worldwide in regards to the treatment of this disease, there is no agreement about the most effective one to treat this terrible disease. Few investigations have been performed with scientific rigour and the inclusion of the sufficient number of patients that allow a best behaviour to be standardised. Our country is also included within this situation and there is no homogeneous attitude for the treatment of this affection but a series of action guides that vary according to the hospital and the group of specialists who have to face them. This article reviews generalities about cerebral haemorrhage and deepens on the most recommended guide lines supported by experience and published articles with the objective of offering, in a coherent way, a group of measures about the surgical management of this disease, deepening on the existing limitations in the present management of the pathology, by means of a review of a wide group of studies published in the world medical literature that has dealt with the topic for years<strong><br /></strong

Posterior thoracotomy approach to aid resection of posterolateral anaplastic meningioma

Introduction: Meningiomas of the spinal column are tumors that can cause compression of the spinal cord with progressive paraplegia. Prognosis depends on a complete surgical resection. We propose surgical tips for these uncommon placed tumors in order to obtain free margins.   Presentation of the case: We present a patient with unusual presentation of an extensive anaplastic meningioma located posterolateral to the spinal cord with retroperitoneal and pleural invasion. An aggressive and extensive surgical approach was performed with retroperitoneal disection and limited posterior thoracotomy to achieve complete tumor resection. There were no signs of recurrence one year after the intervention.   Conclusions: We have presented an unusual case concerning its presentation and surgical management. With our management we got free margins and almost complete neurological recovery with no signs of recurrence one year after the intervention.Introducción: Los meningiomas espinales son tumores que producen clínica por compresión de la médula espinal, pudiendo debutar como una paraplejia progresiva. Su pronóstico depende de la realización de una resección quirúrgica completa. En este artículo proponemos algunos consejos quirúrgicos para la resección completa y con márgenes libres de estos tumores de localización atípica   Presentación del caso: Presentamos una paciente con una presentación clínica atípica por un meninguoma localizado en la zona posterolateral de la médula espinal dorsal, con invasión retroperitoneal y pleural. Se realizó un abordaje quirúrgico extenso, con disección retroperitoneal y una toracotomía posterior con el objetivo de realizar una resección tumoral completa. Al año de la intervención se encuentra asintomática y sin signos de recurrencia.   Conclusiones: Hemos presentado el manejo quirúrgico complejo de un caso raro e inusual. Con este abordaje hemos conseguido una resección quirúrgica completa, con márgenes libres y una recuperación neurológica prácticamente completa, sin signos de recurrencia al año de la intervención