Gastroprotective Mechanisms Of The Chloroform And Ethyl Acetate Phases Of Praxelis Clematidea (griseb.) R.m.king & H.robinson (asteraceae)

Flavonoid-rich Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) R.M.King & H.Robinson (Asteraceae) is a native plant of South America. This study evaluates the gastroprotective activity and possible mechanisms for both the chloroform (CHCl3P) and ethyl acetate phases (AcOEtP) obtained from aerial parts of the plant. The activity was investigated using acute models of gastric ulcer. Gastric secretion biochemical parameters were determined after pylorus ligature. The participation of cytoprotective factors such as mucus, nitric oxide (NO), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), reduction of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde level), and polymorphonuclear infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), was also investigated. CHCl3P (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and AcOEtP (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg) showed significant gastroprotective activity, reducing the ulcerative index by 75, 83, 88 % and 66, 66, 81 % for ethanol; 67, 67, 56 % and 56, 53, 58 % for a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); and 74, 58, 59 % and 64, 65, 61 % for stress-induced gastric ulcer, respectively. CHCl3P (125 mg/kg) and AcOEtP (62.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced the ulcerative area by 78 and 83 %, respectively, for the ischemia-reperfusion model. They also did not alter the biochemical parameters of gastric secretion, the GSH level or the activities of SOD, GPx or GR. They increased the quantity of gastric mucus, not dependent on NO, yet dependent on SH groups, and maintained PGE2 levels. 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Resource selection in an apex predator and variation in response to local landscape characteristics

Habitat loss and fragmentation represent major threats for the conservation of apex predators, such as the jaguar (Panthera onca). Investigating species’ resource selection behavior in response to landscape alteration is critical for developing relevant conservation management plans. The jaguar is found across a variety of habitats with different gradients of human disturbance, making them a good candidate to study how apex predators respond to increasing intensity of human land use. We developed resource selection models to characterize patterns of jaguar resource selection at two different spatial scales, home range (coarse) and foraging scale (fine). This analysis was based on the largest existing GPS-location dataset for jaguars (n = 40 individuals, n = 87,376 locations), spanning the species’ geographic range in Brazil and Argentina. We found that both males and females jaguars exhibited an overall preference for forests and areas close to watercourses at both the home range and foraging scale. At the foraging scale, areas of high livestock density “attracted” male jaguars. We also performed a follow-up analysis to test for context-dependent resource selection (i.e., functional responses) by relating individual behavior to local habitat characteristics. We found that jaguars in heavily-forested landscapes showed strong avoidance of non-forest. Furthermore, we found that only the individuals in closest proximity to watercourses showed positive selection for water. Our results highlight that jaguars display different patterns of resource selection in different areas, demonstrating a considerable ability to use or tolerate a wide variety of different conditions across the species geographic range. This plasticity may allow jaguars to adjust their behavior according to land use changes but also increases human-jaguar conflict and jaguar mortality, especially in areas with high livestock density.Fil: Morato, Ronaldo G.. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; Brasil. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute. Conservation Ecology Center; Estados Unidos. Instituto Pró-carnívoros; BrasilFil: Connette, G.M.. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute. Conservation Ecology Center; Estados UnidosFil: Stabach, J.A.. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute. Conservation Ecology Center; Estados UnidosFil: De Paula, R.C.. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; Brasil. Instituto Pró-carnívoros; BrasilFil: Ferraz, K.M.P.M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Instituto Pró-carnívoros; BrasilFil: Kantek, D.L.Z.. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Miyazaki, Silvia Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Pereira, T.D.C.. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Silva, L.C.. Universidade Federal de Viçosa; BrasilFil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Cruz, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Lima, F.. Univesidade Estadual de São Paulo; Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas; BrasilFil: Cullen Jr., Laury. Univesidade Estadual de São Paulo; BrasilFil: Sana, D.A.. Instituto Pró-carnívoros; Brasil. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Ramalho, E.E.. Instituto Pró-carnívoros; Brasil. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá; BrasilFil: Carvalho, M.M.. Instituto de Defesa e Preservação dos Felídeos Brasileiros; BrasilFil: da Silva, M.X.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Moraes, M.D.F.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Vogliotti, Ana. Instituto Pró-carnívoros; Brasil. Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana; BrasilFil: May Jr., J.A.. Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina; Brasil. Associação Onçafari; BrasilFil: Haberfeld, M.. Associação Onçafari; BrasilFil: Rampim, L.. Associação Onçafari; BrasilFil: Sartorello, L.. Associação Onçafari; BrasilFil: Araujo, G.R.. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; BrasilFil: Wittemyer, G.. State University of Colorado - Fort Collins; Estados UnidosFil: Ribeiro, M.C.. Univesidade Estadual de São Paulo; BrasilFil: Leimgruber, P.. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute. Conservation Ecology Center; Estados Unido