Consumo de tabaco en adolescentes y jóvenes de México que no estudian y no trabajan

Introduction: the lack of opportunities to study or work increases the vulnerability of adolescents, who given this situation may start the consumption of tobacco or other addictive substances. Objective: the aim of this study is to analyze tobacco consumption patterns among four youth groups: those who only study, only work, study and work and who don’t study and don’t work. Method: a national sample of 6, 072 adolescents from 12 to 25 years with data from the National Survey of Addictions 2011, carried out with a random, probabilistic and multistage design. Consumption was measured lifetime, last year, last month, daily use and consumption of more 100 or more cigarettes. Results: men aged 12 to 17 who do not study and do not work have a higher consumption rate than those who only study; men and women aged 12 to 25 years who work have higher consumption rates compared to young people who only study. Discussion and conclusions: the risk of using substances does not occur only on young people who do not study and do not work, but also on those that being school-aged are currently working, so it is important to strengthen and update tobacco consumption prevention programs that have helped to contain, and in some cases decline the consumption rates among the population.----------------------- Introducción: la falta de oportunidades de estudio o trabajo incrementa la vulnerabilidad de los jóvenes, quienes ante la inestabilidad pueden iniciarse en el consumo de tabaco o de otras sustancias adictivas. Objetivo: analizar cómo es el consumo de tabaco entre grupos de adolescentes y jóvenes que sólo estudian, sólo trabajan, estudian y trabajan, o no estudian ni trabajan. Método: se tomó una muestra nacional de 6 mil 72 jóvenes de 12 a 25 años con datos que provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones 2011, con un diseño aleatorio, probabilístico y polietápico. Se midió el consumo alguna vez, en el último año y en el último mes, así como el uso diario de tabaco y el consumo de más de 100 cigarros. Resultados: los hombres de 12 a 17 años que no estudian y no trabajan tienen un consumo de tabaco mayor que aquellos que sólo estudian. Tanto en hombres como en mujeres de 12 a 25 años, quienes trabajan presentan un consumo mayor de tabaco que los jóvenes que sólo estudian. Discusión y conclusiones: el riesgo de consumo de sustancias no se da únicamente entre los jóvenes que no estudian y no trabajan, sino también en aquellos que estando en edad de estudiar, se encuentran laborando, por lo que es importante reforzar y actualizar los programas de prevención del consumo de tabaco que han permitido contener, y en algunos casos disminuir, los niveles de consumo de la población

LKTA and PlpE small fragments fusion protein protect against Mannheimia haemolytica challenge

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a major cause of economic losses for the cattle backgrounding and feedlot industries. Mannheimia haemolytica is considered the most important pathogen associated with this disease. Vaccines against M. haemolytica have been prepared and used for many decades, but traditional bacterins have failed to demonstrate effective protection and their use has often exacerbated disease in vaccinated animals. Thus, the BRD complex continues to exert a strong adverse effect on the health and wellbeing of stocker and feeder cattle. Therefore, generation of recombinant proteins has been helpful in formulating enhanced vaccines against M. haemolytica, which could confer better protection against BRD. In the present study, we formulated a vaccine preparation enriched with recombinant small fragments of leukotoxin A (LKTA) and outer-membrane lipoprotein (PlpE) proteins, and demonstrated its ability to generate high antibody titers in rabbits and sheep, which protected against M. haemolytica bacterial challenge in mice. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Loaned self-measurement equipment model compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a major cause of economic losses for the cattle backgrounding and feedlot industries. Mannheimia haemolytica is considered the most important pathogen associated with this disease. Vaccines against M. haemolytica have been prepared and used for many decades, but traditional bacterins have failed to demonstrate effective protection and their use has often exacerbated disease in vaccinated animals. Thus, the BRD complex continues to exert a strong adverse effect on the health and wellbeing of stocker and feeder cattle. Therefore, generation of recombinant proteins has been helpful in formulating enhanced vaccines against M. haemolytica, which could confer better protection against BRD. In the present study, we formulated a vaccine preparation enriched with recombinant small fragments of leukotoxin A (LKTA) and outer-membrane lipoprotein (PlpE) proteins, and demonstrated its ability to generate high antibody titers in rabbits and sheep, which protected against M. haemolytica bacterial challenge in mice. " 2012 Elsevier Ltd.",,,,,,"10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.004",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/42578","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84866883832&partnerID=40&md5=dfb4ecf99da9cc935e2b2c58d7dd1c4