Waste Management Relating to Sustainable Practices in Construction Management Today

This study is a combination of research from previous studies as well as interview to evaluate the effects of the various sustainable systems and rating systems, how they are working to improve waste management, and how this has plays into the current and future practices of construction. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste is one of the largest waste flows in the world, reaching 30–40% of the total solid waste because of the large-scale construction and demolition activities resulting from accelerated urbanization and city rebuilding (Islam, 2019). To evaluate the difference between LEED certified construction in comparison to non-LEED certified construction, we can better understand the different approaches to waste management strategies and their overall impact to the project and the overall environment. This project paired with Balfour Beatty Construction in San Diego, California to analyze two different projects, one LEED certified and the other non-certified. A research case study was performed to analyze the different approach to waste management strategies, and it was found that the LEED certified buildings ultimately have more substantial and significant waste management practices and are more beneficial impact to the environment compared to those of non-LEED certified buildings

The effect of menstrual cycle and submaximal exercise on acute body composition estimates from bioelectrical impedance

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in percent body fat (BF%) estimates through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) before and after moderate intensity exercise during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Ten healthy eumenorrheic female subjects performed 45 min of exercise during the follicular phase and during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. BIA estimates of BF% and total body water were examined immediately before exercise and 30 minutes after the end of exercise, without fluid replacement. The results indicated no significant effects of exercise (p = 0.170) or menstrual phase (p = 0.688) on BF%. These results suggest that neither menstrual cycle nor acute exercise needs to be considered when using BIA to estimate BF% in moderately exercising women

The trifecta effect: the incarcerated woman’s triple comorbidity and associations with recidivism

Jails are the front door to the criminal justice system, serving as the initial point of contact with inmates (Raggio, Hoffmann, & Kopak, 2017). Females in jail are the fastest growing correctional population (Swavola, Riley, & Subramanian, 2016). Females experience comorbid psychopathologies and substance use disorders at a higher rate than men, and incarcerated populations experience these disorders at far greater rates than the general population (Al Rousan, Rubenstein, Sieleni, Deol, & Wallace, 2017; Fazel, Yoon, & Hayes, 2017; Logan & Blackburn, 2009; Lynch S. M., et al., 2017; Swavola, Riley, & Subramanian, 2016). This study investigates the relationship between comorbid psychopathologies and methamphetamine and opioid substance use disorders with criminal justice outcomes in a sample of females recently incarcerated in three rural jails. Diagnostic indicators were compared with official records to elucidate these relationships. It was hypothesized that multiple comorbidities and severe substance use disorder would have the strongest relationship with recidivism, but results indicate that only severe Amphetamine Use Disorder has any significant associations with recidivism. Results from this study have implications for treatment and security of females incarcerated in local jails

Rule violations in a county jail: associations with specific substance use disorders and other mental health disorders

Jails process and house the largest number of incarcerated individuals in the United States, yet remain the least studied and understood cog within the criminal justice system. Safety and security within a confinement facility are essential for those residing, working, and visiting these facilities; however, the study of factors that contribute to the likelihood of inmate misconduct have been gleaned from prison populations that don’t account for factors that are unique to, or seen in higher proportions, in jail environments. One element that has been identified as being a significant risk factor for rule violations in both jails and prisons has been substance use disorder (SUD) and mental illness. Arguably, mental health disorders, which include SUDs, encompass nearly 300 classifiable disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5), and it is unlikely that all exhibit the same level of risk of offending while incarcerated. The change in classification and diagnosis of substance use disorders from the DSM-IV-TR to the DSM-5 also allows researchers to consider the specific substance and severity of the disorder beyond an abuse/dependence classification. Therefore, using an empirically supported assessment instrument, the Comprehensive Addiction and Psychological Evaluation-5 (CAAPE-5), this study seeks to explore specifically which SUDs and other common mental health conditions contribute to this relationship between having a diagnosis and risk for rule violations while incarcerated

Potentiating Response to Drop-Jump Protocols on Sprint Acceleration: Drop-Jump Volume and Intrarepetition Recovery Duration

The purpose of this study was to investigate the postactivation potentiation response first to bounce drop jump (BDJ) volume; second, BDJ intrarepetition recovery duration and recovery duration between BDJs and 20-meter (including 5- and 10-m split times) sprint performance. The study was undertaken in 2 parts, the first part compared different volumes of BDJs and the second part compared different BDJ intrarepetition recovery periods. The effect of recovery periods between the BDJs and the subsequent 20-m sprints was examined in both parts 1 and 2 (15 seconds, 4, 8, and 12 minutes). Fourteen (mean ± SD: age = 20.83 ± 1.26 years; height = 1.77 ± 0.04 m; and mass = 74.89 ± 6.07 kg) (part 1) and 15 (mean ± SD: age = 20.64 ± 1.00 years; height = 1.78 ± 0.06 m; and mass = 75.67 ± 6.28 kg) (part 2) male collegiate and club hurling players volunteered to participate. A randomized cross-over design was used to compare BDJ volumes (1, 2, and 3 sets of 3 repetitions) and BDJ intrarepetition recovery time (15 vs. 60 seconds) after a warm-up followed by 2 baseline 20-m sprints. The results in part 1 reported a significant improvement in 5- and 10-m sprint time for 1 set of 3 BDJs between baseline and 4 minutes (5 m: −2.34%, p = 0.04, effect size [ES] = −0.043; 10 m: −1.42%, p = 0.03, ES = −0.35), and baseline and 12 minutes (5 m: −3.33%, p = 0.03, ES = −0.57; 10 m: −2.13%, p = 0.01, ES = −0.52). Part 2 reported a significant improvement in 5-m sprint time between baseline and 15 seconds (5 m: −3.38%, p = 0.01, ES = −0.83; 10 m: −2.07%, p = 0.02, ES = −0.58) after the BDJs. The findings support the use of 1 set of 3 BDJs using a 15-second intrarepetition recovery period to maximize 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprint performance after 15 seconds of recovery after the final BDJ in hurling players. The acute response to this BDJ protocol proves to be time efficient and effective in acutely improving sprint acceleration

Lifetime Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: The Moderating Effect of Age

Objective To determine if the relationships of lifetime discrimination to ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) varied as a function of age in a sample of Black and Latino(a) adults ages 19 – 65. Methods Participants were 607 Black (n = 318) and Latino(a) (n = 289) adults (49% female) who completed the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire-Community Version (PEDQ-CV), which assesses lifetime exposure to racism/ethnic discrimination. They were outfitted with an ABP monitor to assess systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) across a 24-hour period. Mixed-level modeling was conducted to examine potential interactive effects of lifetime discrimination and age to 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime ABP after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, personality and life stress characteristics, and substance consumption covariates (e.g., smoking, alcohol). Results There were significant interactions of Age × Lifetime Discrimination on 24-hour and daytime DBP (ps ≤ .04), and in particular significant interactions for the Social Exclusion component of Lifetime Discrimination. Post-hoc probing of the interactions revealed the effects of Lifetime Discrimination on DBP were seen for older, but not younger participants. Lifetime discrimination was significantly positively associated with nocturnal SBP, and these effects were not moderated by age. All associations of Lifetime Discrimination to ABP remained significant controlling for recent exposure to discrimination as well as all other covariates. Conclusions Exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination across the life course is associated with elevated ABP in middle to older aged Black and Latino(a) adults. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms linking discrimination to ABP over the life course

Large-Scale Variation in Wave Attenuation of Oyster Reef Living Shorelines and the Influence of Inundation Duration

One of the paramount goals of oyster reef living shorelines is to achieve sustained and adaptive coastal protection, which requires meeting ecological (i.e., develop a self-sustaining oyster population) and engineering (i.e., provide coastal defense) targets. In a large-scale comparison along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, the efficacy of various designs of oyster reef living shorelines at providing wave attenuation was evaluated accounting for the ecological limitations of oysters with regards to inundation duration. A critical threshold for intertidal oyster reef establishment is 50% inundation duration. Living shorelines that spent less than half of the time (\u3c 50%) inundated were not considered suitable habitat for oysters, however, were effective at wave attenuation (68% reduction in wave height). Reefs that experienced \u3e 50% inundation were considered suitable habitat for oysters, but wave attenuation was similar to controls (no reef; ~5% reduction in wave height). Many of the oyster reef living shoreline approaches therefore failed to optimize the ecological and engineering goals. In both inundation regimes, wave transmission decreased with an increasing freeboard (difference between reef crest elevation and water level), supporting its importance in the wave attenuation capacity of oyster reef living shorelines. However, given that the reef crest elevation (and thus freeboard) should be determined by the inundation duration requirements of oysters, research needs to be re-focused on understanding the implications of other reef parameters (e.g. width) for optimising wave attenuation. A broader understanding of the reef characteristics and seascape contexts that result in effective coastal defense by oyster reefs is needed to inform appropriate design and implementation of oyster-based living shorelines globally

Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England from April to November, 2020: results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey

Background: Decisions about the continued need for control measures to contain the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rely on accurate and up-to-date information about the number of people testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors for testing positive. Existing surveillance systems are generally not based on population samples and are not longitudinal in design. Methods: Samples were collected from individuals aged 2 years and older living in private households in England that were randomly selected from address lists and previous Office for National Statistics surveys in repeated crosssectional household surveys with additional serial sampling and longitudinal follow-up. Participants completed a questionnaire and did nose and throat self-swabs. The percentage of individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was estimated over time by use of dynamic multilevel regression and poststratification, to account for potential residual non-representativeness. Potential changes in risk factors for testing positive over time were also assessed. The study is registered with the ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN21086382. Findings: Between April 26 and Nov 1, 2020, results were available from 1 191 170 samples from 280327 individuals; 5231 samples were positive overall, from 3923 individuals. The percentage of people testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 changed substantially over time, with an initial decrease between April 26 and June 28, 2020, from 0·40% (95% credible interval 0·29–0·54) to 0·06% (0·04–0·07), followed by low levels during July and August, 2020, before substantial increases at the end of August, 2020, with percentages testing positive above 1% from the end of October, 2020. Having a patient facing role and working outside your home were important risk factors for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at the end of the first wave (April 26 to June 28, 2020), but not in the second wave (from the end of August to Nov 1, 2020). Age (young adults, particularly those aged 17–24 years) was an important initial driver of increased positivity rates in the second wave. For example, the estimated percentage of individuals testing positive was more than six times higher in those aged 17–24 years than in those aged 70 years or older at the end of September, 2020. A substantial proportion of infections were in individuals not reporting symptoms around their positive test (45–68%, dependent on calendar time. Interpretation: Important risk factors for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 varied substantially between the part of the first wave that was captured by the study (April to June, 2020) and the first part of the second wave of increased positivity rates (end of August to Nov 1, 2020), and a substantial proportion of infections were in individuals not reporting symptoms, indicating that continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be important for managing the COVID-19 pandemic moving forwards