Death of a salesman

First paragraph: In December 2012 Australia became the first jurisdiction to mandate plain (or standardised) packaging for tobacco products. Many governments have been looking on with interest, anxious to learn if this is also the next step forward in their own efforts to tackle the harms caused by tobacco. This special issue begins to answer this question by presenting a series of studies which provide an initial evaluation of the policy. What have been the early impacts of plain packaging on young people and adult smokers? And are there any unintended consequences—has it reduced prices, for instance, or encouraged illicit tobacco use

Reactions to, and trial intentions for, three dissuasive cigarette designs:A cross-sectional survey of adolescents in Scotland

Objectives There has been growing academic and policy interest in opportunities to decrease the appeal of cigarette sticks, such as making them an unattractive colour or requiring them to display a health warning. We therefore explored reactions to, and trial intentions for, three ‘dissuasive’ cigarette designs among adolescents in Scotland. Methods A cross-sectional survey with 12–17 year olds in Scotland (n=594) was conducted between November 2017 and November 2018. Participants were shown one ‘standard’ cigarette (imitation cork filter with white paper casing) and three dissuasive cigarettes: (1) a cigarette with the warning ‘smoking kills’; (2) a cigarette with the warning ‘toxic’ and a skull and cross-bones image and (3) a dark green cigarette. Participants rated each cigarette on nine five-point reaction measures (eg, appealing/unappealing or attractive/unattractive). A composite reaction score was computed for each cigarette, which was binary coded (overall negative reactions vs neutral/positive reactions). Participants also indicated whether they would try each cigarette (coded: Yes/No). Demographics, smoking status and smoking susceptibility were also measured. Results More participants had negative reactions to the dark green (93% of adolescents), ‘smoking kills’ (94%) and ‘toxic’ (96%) cigarettes, compared with the standard cigarette (85%). For all three dissuasive designs, Chi-square tests found that negative reactions were more likely among younger adolescents (vs older adolescents), never-smokers (vs ever smokers) and non-susceptible never-smokers (vs susceptible never-smokers). Most participants indicated that they would not try any of the cigarettes (range: 84%–91%). Conclusion Dissuasive cigarettes present an opportunity to further reduce the appeal of smoking among adolescents

Preliminary analysis of fuel tank impact

Following the accident involving the Air France Concorde in 2000 the effects of fluid structure interactions resulting from the impact of a fluid filled tank has become a cause for concern. The work reported here relates to the design of a series of experiments loosely based upon the Concorde incident which aimed to assess whether the probable failure mode in the Concorde accident could occur in land based vessels. Preliminary numerical analyses were undertaken for two of the nine cases that were investigated experimentally in which an empty tank was impacted by a projectile with a velocity of 14m/s and 21.9m/s Initial numerical results for the acceleration at two points on the tank surface and the deformation at the impact zone showed good agreement with test data. Future work is discussed including further numerical modelling incorporating fluid structure interactions for the analysis of the cases when the tank is partially full or completely full

Q-learning: flexible learning about useful utilities

Dynamic treatment regimes are fast becoming an important part of medicine, with the corresponding change in emphasis from treatment of the disease to treatment of the individual patient. Because of the limited number of trials to evaluate personally tailored treatment sequences, inferring optimal treatment regimes from observational data has increased importance. Q-learning is a popular method for estimating the optimal treatment regime, originally in randomized trials but more recently also in observational data. Previous applications of Q-learning have largely been restricted to continuous utility end-points with linear relationships. This paper is the first attempt at both extending the framework to discrete utilities and implementing the modelling of covariates from linear to more flexible modelling using the generalized additive model (GAM) framework. Simulated data results show that the GAM adapted Q-learning typically outperforms Q-learning with linear models and other frequently-used methods based on propensity scores in terms of coverage and bias/MSE. This represents a promising step toward a more fully general Q-learning approach to estimating optimal dynamic treatment regimes

Concerns over the European Commission’s use of expert groups are misplaced

The European Commission has set up a number of expert groups to aid the development of European policies. As John Moodie writes, a balance is generally required between the gains in effectiveness and efficiency which expertise can provide for policymakers, and the democratic implications of relying too heavily on experts in the European policy process. He argues that while there are legitimate concerns over the use of Commission expert groups, there are adequate checks and balances in place to provide democratic safeguards

Bureaucratic plagiarism

This paper identifies four types of failure to ascribe authorship accurately in college administrations: institutional anonymity, and three types of nominal authorship - ghost-written, rubber stamp and nominal direction. It argues that these failures to ascribe authorship accurately are a problem for the good operation of college bureaucracies as well as being a problem of principle and internal consistency

Secure Care in Scotland, a Scoping Study : Developing the Measurement of Outcomes and Sharing Good Practice

This is a scoping study designed to help identify evidence gaps regarding the outcomes experienced by children and young people placed in secure care in Scotland. Initially a brief literature review examining recent papers and articles discussing outcomes for young people both in and leaving secure care was carried out. Gaps in the literature were identified and then semi-structured interviews completed with heads or deputy heads of service within each of the five secure units in Scotland, to further clarify where the gaps and challenges are in relation to this subject

Four tiers

This paper posits a classifation of tertiary education institutions into four tiers: world research universities, selecting universities, recruiting universities, and vocational institutes. The distinguishing characteristic of world research universities is their research strength, the distinguishing characteristic of selecting universities is their strong student demand, the distinguishing characteristic of recruiting universities is their lower student demand, and the distinguishing characteristic of vocational institutes is their predominance of vocational programs. Yet there is one general characteristic that underlies the whole classification: positional value. The classification is put within a theoretical framework which generates tests of the classi?cation proposed in the paper

The neglected role of a neglected body: academic boards' role in assuring 'equivalent' standards

When asked to demonstrate that they set standards for their higher education qualifications which are equivalent to Australian and international standards, Australian universities typically refer to a range of measures, and many refer to the accreditation of their programs by vocational bodies or registration boards. However, writes the author, this is an inadequate assurance of academic standards

Regulating 'university' and degree-granting authority: changing of the guard

This paper describes the changes in the recognition of universities made or proposed in England, Australia and the USA since 2004, and posits a broad shift from the permanent designation of institutional types to the periodic recognition of qualification-granting authority. This is associated with increased private funding and operation of universities, which in turn is associated with a shift from elite to mass higher education