Crisis Management in the Eastern Mediterranean: Implications for Policymakers.

Cet article examine le comportement de la Grèce et de la Turquie pendant les périodes de crise dans la Méditerranée Orientale durant les dernières deux décennies. Les crises sont définies et classifiées, et un nombre de fausses perceptions sont examinées à la lumière des expériences récentes. Trois larges catégories de crises de la politique étrangère sont analysées: Celles impliquant des minorités qui ont des liens ethniques à travers les frontières, celles avec des minorités « étrangères » à l’intérieur des frontières, et celles impliquant des tiers pays intéressés par leurs territoires et leurs ressources. L’auteur examine si les crises sont simplement provoquées par les élites, ou partiellement endossées et motivées par les masses dans les deux pays, et si le comportement greco-turc de crise reflète des rivalités ethniques de longue date, des intérêts de securité spécifiques, ou des besoins politiques et des normes domestiques. L’article s’inspire de l’expérience greco-turque durant les dernières deux décennies pour éclairer des dilemmes et des problèmes actuels auxquels font face les décideurs en matière de politique dans la région. This article examines Greek-Turkish crisis behaviour in the Eastern Mediterranean over the past two decades. Crises are first defined and classified, after which a number of common misperceptions are then addressed in light of recent experience. Three broad categories of foreign policy crises are analyzed: 1) those involving ethnically related minorities across the border; 2) those with ‘alien’ minorities within borders; and 3) those with third countries involving territories and resources. The article examines whether crises are simply élite-driven or partly endorsed and motivated by mass publics in both countries, and whether Greek-Turkish crisis behaviour reflects enduring ethnic rivalries, ‘genuine’ security interests, or domestic political needs and norms. The article draws upon the Greek-Turkish experience of the past two decades to illuminate contemporary dilemmas and issues which policymakers face in this region

Recent photoproduction results from ZEUS

Recent results for inclusive jet cross sections, dijet cross sections and dijet angular distributions are compared with NLO perturbative QCD calculations. The observation of isolated high PT photons (prompt photons) is also reported

F-2(D(3)) measurements at ZEUS

Results on the diffractive structure function F-2(D(3)) in deep inelastic neutral current positron-proton scattering (DIS) have been obtained by the ZEUS collaboration using two different methods. Diffractive interactions are selected by either requiring a small, not exponentially suppressed invariant hadronic mass M-X in the main detector or by detecting a fast proton in the ZEUS leading proton spectrometer (LPS). The results of the two methods are compared

Leading baryons at low x(L) in DIS and photoproduction at ZEUS

Results obtained by the ZEUS collaboration on leading baryon production in the proton fragmentation region are presented. The reaction gamma p --> NX, with N a proton or a neutron, is examined both at low and high photon virtuality

Jet shapes at HERA

The shape of jets produced in quasi-real photon-proton interactions and deep inelastic positron-proton scattering (DIS) at high Q(2) (Q(2) > 100 GeV2) has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA. Jets with transverse energies E-T(jet) > 14 GeV and pseudorapidities (eta(jet)) in the range -1 collisions, and are similar to those in e(+)e(-) interactions

Fragmentation functions at ZEUS

The scaled momentum spectra of final state charged hadrons produced in Deep Inelastic Scattering in the ranges 10 < Q(2) < 1280 GeV2 and 6 . 10(-4) < x(Bjorken) < 5 . 10(-2) have been measured in the current region of the Breit frame using the ZEUS detector. The evolution with Q(2) of the scaled momentum, x(p) = 2p(Breit)/Q, has been investigated and preliminary results are presented which show evidence for scaling violations and support for the universality of quark fragmentation

D* and J/psi inelastic photoproduction at HERA

Cross sections of D* and J/Psi inelastic photoproduction were measured by the ZEUS detector at HERA collider. Comparisons of the data with calculations in NLO pQCD and SHA QCD approaches were made

Measurement of the proton structure function F-2 and the total gamma*p cross-section at low Q(2) and low x

The ZEUS-experiment at HERA has significantly enhanced the kinematic coverage for low Q(2) and low x inelastic e(+)p --> e(+) X scattering with an upgrade of the ZEUS-detector in 1995 which extends the acceptance for small positron scattering angles. The upgrade included the modification of the beam pipe with low mass exit windows and the installation of a small electromagnetic sampling calorimeter, the Beam Pipe Calorimeter (BPC), to explore the region in Q(2) of 0.11 less than or equal to Q(2) less than or equal to 0.65 GeV2. A shift of two rear uranium calorimeter (RCAL) modules and the small rear tracking detector (SRTD) closer to the beam together with a data sample taken with a shifted event vertex extended the Q(2) coverage of the main detector down to 0.6 GeV2. Both data sets have been used to measure the proton structure function F-2 and the total virtual photonproton gamma*p cross-section. Results are presented for 0.11 less than or equal to Q(2) less than or equal to 6.10 GeV2 and 2.10(-6) less than or equal to x less than or equal to 7.10(-4) along with a comparison to various models

Forward transverse energy flow and forward jets at low x

Transverse energy flow and forward jet cross sections at low values of x(Bj) are measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA in order to study the underlying parton dynamics (DGLAP versus BFKL). The energy how has been compared to different model simulations, but hadronization effects are too large to draw a firm conclusion. The measured jet cross section for 10(-4) < x(Bj) < 5.10(-3) is for the lower x(Bj)-bins larger than that of NLO QCD DGLAP calculations but lies still below a more qualitative BFKL prediction

QCD fits to ZEUS and fixed target structure function data

Preliminary results are presented on the gluon density at low x obtained from a QCD analysis of ZEUS 1994 F-2 structure function data combined with those from NMC. Also given are estimates of the experimental error on the e(+) p NC Born cross section at large x and Q(2). This estimate is obtained from propagation of the statistical and systematic errors on fixed target structure functions