Solid State Structure of 2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexa(β-naphthyloxo)cyclophosphazatriene and Dipole Moments of Hexa(aryloxo)cyclophosphazatrienes

The crystal and molecular structure of [NP(OC10H7)2]3 was determined by X-ray analysis. The dipole moments of this compound and of the hexa(phenoxo)cyclotriphosphazatrienes of formula [NP(OC6H3XX′Y)2]3 (X = X′ = H, Y = p-Br; X = m-CH3,. X′ = H. Y = p-Cl; X = X′ = m-CH3, Y = p-Cl; X = X′ = m-CH3, Y = H; X = X′ = H, Y = p-CH(CH3)2; X = X′ = H, Y = p-C(CH3)3) were measured in benzene at 25°C. Crystals of [NP(OC10H7)2]3 are monoclinic with unit cell dimensions a = 24.870(15), b = 7.712(8), c = 27.687(14) Å, β = 115.85(7)°; space group P21/c. The structure was refined to an agreement factor of 0.09. The phosphazene ring deviates (max. deviation 17°) from planarity. and mean distances (A) and angles (°) are P-N 1.58(1). P-O 1.58(1), O-C 1.41(2); P-N-P 120(1), N-P-N 119(1), P-O-C 124(2). The conformations of the naphthyloxo groups at P(2) and P(3) are similar, and different from the group at P(1). Dipole moment analysis showed that the solid state conformation changes in the solution state. The measured value was in agreement with a symmetric conformation in which at the O-P-O plane each naphthyloxo group is rotated by ca. 40-50° from the anti-coplanar arrangement relative to this plane. The dipole moment data for the p-substituted phenoxo derivatives agree with such a conformation, but the analysis of the dipole moment values of phosphazenes having phenoxo groups bearing more than one substituent group and p-CH(CH3)2 substituent failed to do so due to the inherent limitations of the method

Thermopressed Binderless Fiberboards from Post-Harvest Tomato and Maize Plants

Post-harvest tomato plants were used to manufacture fireboards by thermopressing. Four plant materials were investigated: exhausted tomato plants ground to 5-10 mm (PHTr), tomato (PHT) and maize (PHM) plants ground to <0.5 mm, composted tomato plants (CPHT). These materials had significantly different chemical composition, which significantly influenced the fireboards mechanical properties. The PHM fireboards containing the highest amount hemicellulose and water soluble sugars, and the lowest minerals‘ amount, performed best. The data allow estimating the role of each plant proximate in determining board mechanical behavior. Moreover, the findings of the work prospect a desirable integration of municipal and agriculture biowastes as a step forward toward the valorization of renewable organic matter and the realization of the zero waste objective