Oral health survey of the child population in the Valencia Region of Spain (2004)

Introducción (fundamento y objetivo): La finalidad de establecer una periodicidad sexenal para estudiar la evolución de salud oral infantil unido a importantes cambios demográficos asociados con la inmigración en la Comunidad Valenciana han motivado este trabajo. Material y método: Con una muestra seleccionada al azar de 509 niños de 6 años, 478 de 12 años y 401 de 15-16 años se ha realizado un estudio de corte transversal. Los exploraciones clínicas fueron realizadas por odontólogos calibrados (Kappa > 0.85). Resultados: La prevalencia de caries en dentición temporal a los 6 años es del 32% (Icod=1.08) y en dentición permanente es de 42.5% a los 12 años (ICAOD=1.07) y del 55.9% a los 15-16 años (ICAOD=1.84). Los niveles de caries en los niños inmigrantes son significativamente altos. La media de sextantes con sangrado fue de 0.16, de 1.58 y de 1.10, mientras que con cálculo fue de 0.15, 0.76 y 0.88 respectivamente. Conclusión: Los niveles de caries tanto en dentición temporal como permanente a los 6 y 12 años se mantienen estables, mientras que a los 15-16 años siguen descendiendo. Los niños inmigrantes, con altos niveles de caries, constituyen un grupo poblacional con importantes necesidades de tratamiento y de aplicación de programas preventivos

Oral health survey of the adult population of the Valencia region (Spain)

Objectives: Ascertain the oral health status of the adult population in the Valencia region of Spain. Study design: A cross sectional prevalence study was conducted on a sample of 1264 adults, comprising 733 individuals aged 35-44 years and 531 individuals aged 65-74 years. Data collection was carried out in 2006. In both age groups (younger adults and older adults), the clinical examinations were carried out by calibrated dentists (Kappa >0.76). Results: The caries prevalence in the group of 35-44 year-old subjects was 92.2% (DMFT=7.64). In the group of 65-74 year-old subjects, it was 98.3% (DMFT=16.38). The F/DMFT percentage of the younger adults was 66% and that of the older adults was 16.3%. The edentate percentage was 0.1% in the group of 35-44 year-old subjects and 20.7% in the group of 65-74 year-old subjects. Calculus prevalence was almost 60% among the younger adults. Nearly 22% of the younger adults and 26% older adults presented periodontal pockets, although only a minority (4.6% and 4.3%) were CPI score 4. Significant differences in the various indices were found in relation to institutionalization and socio-economic status. Conclusions: The caries prevalence (DMFT>0) found in the two age groups studied remains very high: over 90%. The worst health status is found in certain groups, such as the institutionalized elderly and adults with a low socioeconomic status

Validation of the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics questionnaire (Pidaq) in Spanish adolescents

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of PIDAQ for application in adolescents. Study Design: The questionnaire was translated, cross-culturally adapted and completed by 627 adolescents (366 12-year-olds and 261 15-year-olds). The adolescents were also examined by 4 examiners who had been calibrated against a gold standard and relative to each other (Kappa >0.85) in determining treatment need with the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) DHC and AC components. Results: Cronbach´s alpha of the translated PIDAQ was 0.90. The 23 items of the questionnaire were divided into four domains that explained 60% of the variance. The test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was 0.93. Discriminant validity revealed a significant association between the scores for the questionnaire and its subscales or domains and those for the DAI, IOTN-DHC and IOTN-AC treatment need indices. Adolescents with orthodontic treatment need scored higher in the questionnaires. Conclusions: The results show that the Spanish version of PIDAQ has a very similar internal structure and psychometric properties to those of the original questionnaire and demonstrate its validity for use with Spanish adolescents

Case-control study of craniomandibular disorders in patients with fibromyalgia

Background: Fibromyalgia is a clinical syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain, which is non-articular and is predominantly experienced in the muscles and vertebral column, and by extensive heightened sensitivity to local pressure at many specific points The purpose of this study was to measure differences in the level of painful symptoms and in the movements of the mandible in a group of patients who had been diagnosed as suffering from fibromyalgia, in comparison with a control group. The anxiety and subjective pain levels and their relation with mandibular mobility were also compared. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was designed. The temporomandibular joints and masticatory muscles of the cases (n=20) and controls (n=18) were examined, anxiety was assessed by the STAI index and subjective pain was measured on a visual analogue scale. The data analysis was carried out with SPSS v.19.0 software. The descriptive data were expressed as means and proportions at a 95% confidence interval. The proportions were compared with the chi-square test and the means with the Mann-Whitney U test. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between quantitative variables. Results: The fibromyalgia patients (the case group) presented a higher level of pain following the musculoskeletal examination and significantly greater symptoms at the examination points. Regarding joint mobility, significant differences in mandibular opening were found (cases 43.4 mm vs controls 47.2 mm, p = 0.042). The mean pain score of the cases was significantly higher than that of the controls (4.03 vs 1.8, p = 0.001) but no significant differences were found in the anxiety index (23.8 vs 23.4). Conclusions: patients with fibromyalgia are affected to a greater extent by craniomandibular disorders, with lower mouth opening and higher pain levels than healthy persons. However, the anxiety levels of the two groups are similar

Evaluation of caries risk in a young adult population

Introduction: Various caries risk prediction models have been developed in recent years. Cariogram®, a software program that evaluates an individual?s caries risk profile and illustrates it in graphic form, appears to classify patients more correctly than other risk prediction methods. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the caries risk of a population by means of the Cariogram® software and examine the relationships between the different variables used by the Cariogram® and the risk of caries determined by this program. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from a sample of 48 young individuals by clinical and radiological examination, saliva sampling and a dietary questionnaire. The caries risk of each individual was then obtained by drawing up the Cariogram®. Results: Past caries experience, Streptococcus mutans counts, Fluoridation programme and Buffer capacity of the saliva are the factors included in the Cariogram that showed significant correlation with the caries risk determined by the program. Other factors that the Cariogram® does not include directly, such as DMFT, DMFS and the plaque index, also showed high correlation with risk. Conclusions: Linear regression analysis makes it possible to draw up more simplified models from the predictive variables with the highest correlation to caries risk. The predictive variable which makes the greatest contribution to the model is Streptococcus mutans count, followed by the DMFT index and the Buffer capacity of the saliva

Comparison of the remineralizing effect of a sodium fluoride mouthrinse versus a sodium monofluorophosphate and calcium mouthrinse: an in vitro study

Objectives The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the remineralizing effect of three rinses: (A) 0.17% sodium monofluorphosphate and 0.05% calcium glycerophosphate (220 ppm fluoride), (B) 0.05% sodium fluoride (220 ppm fluoride) and (C) control mouthrinse (without fluoride or calcium). Method and Materials Demineralized areas were created in 90 pieces of bovine enamel by submerging them in an acid solution (pH 4.4) for 48 hours. Part of the surface was painted with nail varnish to preserve the demineralized area and the specimens were assigned at random to three groups. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva at pH 7 and 37ºC for 30 days. Twice daily they were immersed for 60 seconds in the respective mouthrinse. Following the experimental period, the specimens were bisected and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results The mean percentage of remineralization produced by the mouthrinses was as follows: (A) 54.08 (95% CI 46.37- 61.78), (B) 38.43 (95% CI 30.89-45.98) and (C) 30.18 (95% CI 25.56-34.80). The differences between the three groups were statistically significant. Conclusion The results show that the fluoride and calcium mouthrinse has a significantly greater remineralizing capacity than the fluoride mouthrinse with the same fluoride ion concentration under the in vitro conditions of this study

Oral health knowledge in relation to educational level in an adult population in Spain

To analyze the relationship between oral health knowledge and educational level among an adult population in Spain, and between oral health knowledge and subjects? oral hygiene practices, dietary habits, toxic habits, and oral quality of life. This transversal study used the Comprehensive Measure of Oral Health Knowledge (CMOHK) questionnaire to evaluate subjects? knowledge and understanding of oral health, and the World Health Organization oral health questionnaire for adults to evaluate dietary, oral hygiene, toxic habits, and oral quality of life. Participants (n=400) gave their informed consent and data release permission before taking part in the study, which was approved by the University of Valencia Ethics Committee (certificate No.: H145160675341). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v22.0 software, applying Student?s t-test, ANOVA, and chi2 test, with significance set at p<0.05. Oral health knowledge results were: low 41.5% and high 58.5%. An association was found between educational level and oral health knowledge (Chi2: p=0.000). Oral hygiene habits presenting an association with higher levels of oral health knowledge were dental floss use, a higher number of teeth present, and lower prevalence of partial prostheses. A significant association was found between oral quality of life and oral health knowledge. Oral health knowledge is associated with the individual subject?s educational level. But oral health knowledge is not necessarily reflected in the practice of healthy habits

Relationship between perception of malocclusion and the psychological impact of dental aesthetics in university students

Introduction and Objectives: The objectives were to assess the relationship between perceived smile aesthetics and perceived psychological impact as measured by the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), and their own perception of it using the Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-AC) and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS); relate the IOTN-AC and VAS to the PIDAQ; and study the predictive capacity of the scales for psychological impact. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 447 college students in Spain and Portugal (average age 20.4 years, 33.1% men and 66.9% women). The online self-completed surveys used the recently-validated Spanish and Portuguese versions of the PIDAQ to assess the self-reported psychological impact of the students' dental aesthetics and IOTN-AC and an ad hoc 100 mm VAS for their perception of their dental aesthetics. Results: PIDAQ was linearly correlated with IOTN AC and VAS. Pearson's coefficient was 0.55 for PIDAQ and IOTN-AC (CI 95% 0.48-0.61) and -0.72 for PIDAQ and VAS (CI 95% -0.66 - -0.76). VAS and IOTN-AC were predictive variables in a linear regression model of the total PIDAQ score. The VAS diagnosed individuals whose dental aesthetics had a self-perceived psychological impact (area under the curve 0.827, CI 95% 0.787-0.868) more precisely than the IOTN-AC (area under the curve 0.742, CI 95% 0. 696-0.788). Conclusions: In adults patients, there is a significant linear relationship between perceived smile aesthetics and self-perceived psychological impact

Cross-sectional study of malocclusion in Spanish children

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the orthodontic treatment need of the child population of the Valencia region of Spain, employing the DAI and the IOTN, to examine the relations between treatment need, socio-economic data and gender and to assess the diagnostic agreement between the two indices. Study Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a random representative sample of the schoolchild population of the Valencia region of Spain. The sample size was a total of 765 children aged 12 and 15 years at 39 schools. Results: The orthodontic treatment need assessed by the DAI was 21.7% at 12 years of age and 14.1% at 15 years. The orthodontic treatment need assessed by the IOTN DHC was 20.9% at 12 years of age and 12.7% at 15 years. The diagnostic agreement between the DAI and the modified IOTN was moderate, with Kappa scores of 0.426 at 12 years of age and 0.415 for the 15-year-old group. Conclusions: Approximately 20% of the children needed orthodontic treatment. Neither gender nor social class appeared to exert a significant influence on orthodontic treatment need