Electronic document readers

This is both a historical overview of reader devices of electronic documents and a description of the current technology characterized by the so called “electronic paper”. Gyricon technologies are analysed as well as the electrophoretic screens and devices that use the electrowetting principle. A wide variety of file formats compatible with the different kinds of reader devices are shown, as well as the problems derived from reader incompatibility. The more outstanding models available in the market and their services are also described. A reflection is proposed about the different usages and their effectiveness, document dissemination, and the expectations that the e-readers have created regarding future development. Nowadays these devices make the reading of electronic documents easier and more comfortable

Characterising Interpreting Problems in Two Public Service Settings

This chapter explores the notion of interpreting problem by drawing on the functional analysis of two corpora of authentic interpreter-mediated encounters that took place in two public service settings in the United Kingdom. Corpus 1 is set in a police context and Corpus 2 in a medical setting, with both corpora featuring English-speaking service providers and Spanish-speaking service users. Among the categories of interpreting problems identified, this chapter places emphasis on 1) intertextuality, 2) face-threatening acts, 3) indirectness and 4) formulations. The analysis focuses on the service-provider to service-user directionality to pave the way for a discussion on how different professional discourses may present unique challenges when rendered across languages. Ultimately, this chapter illustrates the various ways in which the contextual features of the institutional setting where the communicative activity takes place as well as interpersonal and individual features can shape the nature of the interpreting problems that arise.</p

Characterising ‘Interpreting Problems’ in Two Public Service Settings

This chapter explores the notion of interpreting problem by drawing on the functional analysis of two corpora of authentic interpreter-mediated encounters that took place in two public service settings in the United Kingdom. Corpus 1 is set in a police context and Corpus 2 in a medical setting, with both corpora featuring English-speaking service providers and Spanish-speaking service users. Among the categories of interpreting problems identified, this chapter places emphasis on 1) intertextuality, 2) face-threatening acts, 3) indirectness and 4) formulations. The analysis focuses on the service-provider to service-user directionality to pave the way for a discussion on how different professional discourses may present unique challenges when rendered across languages. Ultimately, this chapter illustrates the various ways in which the contextual features of the institutional setting where the communicative activity takes place as well as interpersonal and individual features can shape the nature of the interpreting problems that arise