15 research outputs found
Endocrine Disruptors in Food: Impact on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Diseases
The results presented in this article constitute part of Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros doctoral
thesis, performed in the Nutrition and Food Sciences Doctorate Program of the University of Granada.Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) have been associated with the increased incidence of
metabolic disorders. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of the literature in order
to identify the current knowledge of the interactions between EDCs in food, the gut microbiota,
and metabolic disorders in order to shed light on this complex triad. Exposure to EDCs induces
a series of changes including microbial dysbiosis and the induction of xenobiotic pathways and
associated genes, enzymes, and metabolites involved in EDC metabolism. The products and
by-products released following the microbial metabolism of EDCs can be taken up by the host;
therefore, changes in the composition of the microbiota and in the production of microbial metabolites
could have a major impact on host metabolism and the development of diseases. The remediation of
EDC-induced changes in the gut microbiota might represent an alternative course for the treatment
and prevention of metabolic diseases.This work was carried out within the frame of GP/EFSA/ENCO/380 2018/03/G04: OBEMIRISK:
Knowledge platform for assessing the risk of Bisphenols on gut microbiota and its role in obesogenic phenotype:
looking for biomarkers. This research was also funded by Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2013-2016, Proyecto cofinanciado
FEDER-ISCIII PI17/01758, Proyecto cofinanciado FEDER-Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía
PE-0250-2019 and by Fundación Mapfre MAPFRE2018
Hábitos dietéticos de los escolares e incidencia de caries dental
Introduction: healthy dietary habits are considered to
improve oral health and tooth quality. Caries treatment
comprises tooth restoration with dental composites and
sealants, almost all (> 90%) of which contain bisphenol A
(BPA). Study hypotheses were: a) breakfast and oral hygiene
habits are important factors in dental caries development;
and b) dental caries treatment with epoxy-resins
entails a risk of oral exposure to monomers migrating
from the polymeric material. We evaluated caries in the
teeth of a Spanish school population and determined the
percentage treated with dental composites.
Objective: to relate consumption of breakfast components
and oral hygiene habits to dental caries and determine
the presence of sealants/composites as potential
sources of BPA exposure.
Methods: subjects: 582 schoolchildren from Granada
city (Southern Spain) aged 7 yrs; mean (SD) of 7.55 (0.64)
yrs.
Results: caries was detected in 21.7% of their teeth.
Mean breakfast quality index (BQI) score, based on nutritional
questionnaires, was 5.18 (1.29). Breakfast with
foods rich in simple sugars representing > 5% of total
daily energy was consumed by 24% of the population
and was significantly associated with caries frequency in
binary logistic regression analysis. Biscuit consumption
was reported by 35.8% and significantly associated with
caries frequency. Breakfast intake of bakery products/
cereals and of dairy products showed a significant inverse
association with caries frequency. No significant relationship
was observed between caries and BQI score or
oral hygiene factors.
Conclusion: further research is required to elucidate
the role of diet in caries and the associated risk of exposure
to estrogenic xenobiotics such as BPA.Introducción: los hábitos alimentarios saludables influyen
sobre la salud oral. El tratamiento de la caries
comprende la restauración dental con selladores y composites
dentales, la mayoría con bisfenol A (BPA). Hipótesis:
a) el desayuno y hábitos de higiene oral son factores
importantes en el desarrollo de caries; b) el tratamiento
de la caries con epoxirresinas conlleva riesgo de exposición
oral a monómeros plásticos.
Objetivo: relacionar la ingesta del desayuno y los hábitos
de higiene oral con la caries dental y determinar la
presencia de selladores/composites como fuentes potenciales
de exposición al BPA.
Métodos: se analizaron 582 niños/as en edad escolar de
Granada (sur de España) de 7 años de edad (7,55 [0,64]
años). Se empleó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo
de alimentos, 3 recordatorios de 24 h y variables de
estilo de vida, incluyendo la higiene bucodental. La calidad
del desayuno fue estimada con el Breakfast Quality
Index (BQI).
Resultados: se detectó un 21,7% de caries. El valor
medio del BQI fue 5,18 (1,29). El 24% de la población
realizó un desayuno con alimentos ricos en azúcares simples
(> 5% de la energía total), asociado significativamente
con la frecuencia de caries en el análisis de regresión
logística. El 35,8% de los participantes tomaron galletas;
asociado significativamente con la frecuencia de caries.
La ingesta de productos de panadería, cereales y lácteos
mostró una asociación inversamente significativa con la
frecuencia de caries.
Conclusión: se necesitan más investigaciones para
aclarar el papel de la dieta en la caries y el riesgo de exposición
a xenobióticos estrogénicos, como el BPA.This is a joint project between
research group AGR255 and Granada City Council
(health area) contract C-3507-00, Granada City Council-
Universidad Empresa. This work was supported
by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS,
- PI14/01040)
Ingesta de alimentos y hábitos nutricionales entre adolescentes españoles que practican y no practican esquí
Background: Increasing obesity among adolescents in
the industrialized world may result from poor nutritional
habits and inadequate exercise.
Aim: To determine differences in food intake, nutritional
habits, and body mass index between Spanish adolescents
who engage in ski activity and those who do not.
Methods: A socio-demographic survey, food frequency
questionnaire, 24-hr dietary recall, and physical activity
questionnaire were completed by 300 Spanish schoolchildren
aged 10 to 18 yrs. Results were compared (Student’s
t, chi-square and Fisher’s exact test) between adolescents
engaged (SP) and not engaged (N-SP) in skiing according
to their sex.
Results: SP adolescents devoted > 4 h/day to physical
activity versus < 1 h for N-SP adolescents. No significant
differences were found in nutrient intake or nutritional
habits between SP and N-SP adolescents. Protein and fat
intakes of both groups were above recommended levels.
A higher proportion of N-SP than SP males were overweight.
Logistic regression analysis showed that the maintenance
of a normal weight was favored by the practice
of skiing, the consumption of sugar-free drinks, and supplementation
with vitamins/mineral salts and was negatively
associated with body weight dissatisfaction, intake
of nutritional supplements other than vitamins or minerals,
and the consumption of snacks.
Conclusions: The diet of this adolescent population
was poorly balanced. Engagement in physical activity
appears to be a key factor in maintaining a healthy body
mass index.Antecedentes: El aumento de la obesidad entre los adolescentes
en países desarrollados puede ser consecuencia
de malos hábitos alimentarios y falta de actividad.
Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias en la ingesta de
alimentos, hábitos nutricionales e índice de masa corporal
entre adolescentes españoles que practican esquí y los
que no lo hacen.
Métodos: Una muestra de 300 adolescentes españoles
de 10 a 18 años completó una encuesta que incluyó variables
sociodemográficas, un cuestionario de frecuencia
de consumo de alimentos, recordatorio de 24h y un cuestionario
de actividad física. Se utilizaron test de comparación
paramétricos y no paramétricos para comparar
los resultados entre adolescentes que practican (SP) y no
practican (N-SP) esquí, en función al sexo.
Resultados: Los adolescentes SP dedicaron más de 4h
diarias a la realización de actividad física mientras que
los adolescentes N-SP dedicaron menos de 1 hora diaria
a la actividad física. No se encontraron diferencias significativas
en la ingesta de nutrientes o los hábitos nutricionales
entre adolescentes SP y N-SP. La ingesta de proteínas
y lípidos de ambos grupos estuvo por encima de
los niveles recomendados. El sobrepeso fue más frecuente
entre adolescentes N-SP. El análisis de regresión logística
mostró que el mantenimiento de un peso normal se ve favorecido
por la práctica del esquí, el consumo de bebidas
sin azúcar y la suplementación con vitaminas/minerales y
se asoció negativamente con la insatisfacción con el peso
corporal, el consumo de suplementos nutricionales distintos
a vitaminas o minerales y el consumo de aperitivos.
Conclusiones: La dieta de esta población adolescente
fue desequilibrada. La participación en la actividad física
parece ser un factor clave en el mantenimiento de un
índice de masa corporal saludable
Comparación de dos métodos para evaluar la calidad de la dieta mediterránea en una muestra representativa de jóvenes del sur de España
The objective of this study was to compare the usefulness of two methods to evaluate diet quality in young people in Southern Spain: a new Mediterranean Diet Pattern (MDP) and a modification of the Diet Quality
Index-International (DQI-I) for the Mediterranean area.
The study population was 3190 schoolchildren aged 8-15 yrs. The questionnaires used were first validated (Bland-Altman plot and Wilcoxon tests) in a randomized sample.
The DQI gives a more detailed evaluation of food components, whereas the MDS gives global information on food groups but includes foods characteristically consumed
in the Mediterranean region. Highly similar results were obtained using the MDP and the adapted DQI-I, which appear to be equally useful to evaluate diet quality in a Mediterranean population. The fact that we
selected the same types of food for both indices may explain the similar overall evaluations. According to these results, both methods appear to be equally appropriate
for evaluating diet quality in a Mediterranean population.El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la utilidad de dos métodos para evaluar la calidad de la dieta de jóvenes en el sur de España: un nuevo patrón de dieta mediterránea
(MDP) y una modificación de la dieta del índice de calidad-Internacional (ICD-I) para el área Mediterránea.
La población de estudio fue 3.190 escolares de entre 8-15 años. Los cuestionarios utilizados fueron validados primero (gráfico de Bland-Altman y las pruebas de Wilcoxon) en una muestra tomada al azar. El ICD-I
ofrece una evaluación más detallada de los componentes de los alimentos, mientras que el MDP proporciona información global sobre los grupos de alimentos, que incluye
alimentos típicamente consumidos en la región mediterránea.
Se obtuvieron resultados similares utilizándole MDP y la adaptación del ICD-I, que parecen ser igualmente útiles para evaluar la calidad de una dieta en una
población mediterránea. El hecho de que se seleccionaron los mismos tipos de alimentos para ambos índices podría explicar la similitud de las evaluaciones globales. De
acuerdo con estos resultados, ambos métodos parecen ser igualmente apropiado para evaluar la calidad de la dieta en una población mediterránea.This study was supported by the Health Department
of Granada City Council, Spain, the Junta
de Andalucia, Spain (Research Group AGR-255)
and the University of Granada, Spain (Postdoctoral
Grant)
Validation of questionnaires for the study of food habits and bone mass
Antecedentes: La pérdida de masa y densidad de los
huesos esta influenciada por factores nutricionales,
actuando sobre el pico de masa ósea, la pérdida ósea relacionada
con la edad y la fortaleza muscular. El objetivo
del presente estudio es validar un cuestionario de frecuencia
de consumo de alimentos aplicado a la estimación
de la relación entre los hábitos alimentarios y la densidad
mineral ósea de una población adulta sana.
Métodos: Los resultados obtenidos mediante el cuestionario
de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos se compararon
con los de recordatorios de 24 horas. Las medidas de
la densidad mineral ósea se realizaron mediante densitometría
de calcáneo.
Resultados: Se demuestra la validez del cuestionario al
obtener coeficientes de correlación de Spearman entre
0,014 y 0,467. Asimismo el test de Bland-Altman muestra
que no existe variación entre los dos métodos para las
variables analizadas. El análisis de correlación muestra
que la densidad mineral ósea está asociada significativamente
al consumo de vitamina D, vitamina A, vitamina
B12, folato, tiamina y hierro. El consumo de lípidos totales
no fue asociado con la densidad mineral ósea, sin
embargo la ingesta de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados,
EPA y DHA y colesterol muestra una correlación estadísticamente
significativa.
Conclusión: El cuestionario estima el consumo de energía
y nutrientes con adecuada validez. Su aplicación nos
ha permitido deducir la importancia de una dieta rica en
vitaminas del grupo B, vitamina D, calcio, hierro y ácidos
grasos monoinsaturados y n-3 en la salud ósea.Background: The loss of bone mass and density is influenced
by nutritional factors that act on the bone mass
peak, age-related bone loss and muscle strength. The
objective of the present study was to validate a food frequency
questionnaire applied to estimate the relationship
between food habits and bone mineral density (BMD) in a
healthy adult population.
Methods: The results of the food frequency questionnaire
were compared with 24-hr recall findings. Calcaneus
BMD was measured by densitometry.
Results: The validity of the questionnaire was demonstrated,
with Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.014
to 0.467. The Bland-Altman test also found no differences
in study variables between the two methods. Correlation
analysis showed that the BMD was significantly associated
with the intake of vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin B12,
folate, thiamine and iron. Total fat consumption was not
associated with BMD but the intake of monounsaturated
fatty acids, EPA, DHA and cholesterol showed a significant
correlation.
Conclusion: The questionnaire evaluates the consumption
of energy and nutrients with adequate validity. Its
application revealed the importance for bone health of a
diet rich in B-group vitamins, vitamin D, calcium, iron,
monounsaturated fatty acids and n-3.Este estudio forma parte de un proyecto de investigación
que se esta realizando en colaboración con el
Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Granada (Estudio de la situación
nutricional de la unidad familiar en la ciudad de
Granada. Contrato Universidad de Granada y Ayuntamiento
de Granada. Años: 2007-2009)
Dietary exposure to parabens and body mass index in an adolescent Spanish population
This work was carried out in line with 'GP/EFSA/ENCO/380 2018/03/G04: OBEMIRISK: Knowledge platform for assessing the risk of Bisphenols on gut microbiota and its role in obesogenic phenotype: looking for biomarkers'. This research was also funded by Plan Estatal de I + D + I 2013-2016 and co-funded by FEDER-ISCIII PI17/01758, FEDER-Consejeria de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucia PE-0250-2019, FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades/Proyecto P18-RT-4247. All individuals participating in this research signed an informed consent form and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Com-mittee of the University of Granada.Parabens are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid which are extensively used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and
foodstuffs due to their antimicrobial properties. The most commonly used parabens are methyl-(MeP), ethyl-
(EtP), propyl-(PrP) and butyl-(BuP) paraben. Most human exposure to parabens is achieved through the consumption
of food or pharmaceutical products and the use of personal care products. However, studies on dietary
parabens exposure and the associated factors are very scarce. The main aim of the present study was to explore
factors associated with dietary exposure to parabens in Spanish adolescents according to gender. Dietary data
and anthropometric measures were collected from 585 adolescents (53.4% boys) aged 12–16 years. Parabens
exposure through diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire with food products providing more
than 95% of energy and macronutrient intake being included in analysis. Stepwise regression was used to
identify the foods that most contributed to parabens intake. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors
predicting higher dietary exposure to parabens. The main contributors to dietary MeP, EtP, PrP and BuP exposure
in adolescent boys were eggs (41.9%), canned tuna (46.4%), bakery and baked goods products (57.3%) and
pineapple (61.1%). In adolescent girls, the main contributors were apples and pears (35.3%), canned tuna
(42.1%), bakery and baked goods products (55.1%) and olives (62.1%). Overweight/obese girls were more likely
to belong to the highest tertile of overall parabens intake (odds ratio [OR]: 3.32; 95% confidence interval [95%
CI]: 1.21–9.15) and MeP (OR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.14–8.12) than those with a body mass index lower than 25 kg/m2.
These findings suggest a positive association between dietary exposure to parabens and overweight/obesity in
adolescent girls.Plan Estatal de I + D + I 2013-2016FEDER-ISCIII PI17/01758FEDER-Consejeria de Salud y FamiliasJunta de Andalucia PE-0250-2019FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades/Proyecto P18-RT-424
Levels of Bisphenol A and its analogs in nails, saliva, and urine of children: a case control study
Introduction: A growing number of studies link the increase in overweight/
obesity worldwide to exposure to certain environmental chemical pollutants that
display obesogenic activity (obesogens). Since exposure to obesogens during
the first stages of life has been shown to have a more intense and pronounced
effect at lower doses, it is imperative to study their possible effects in childhood.
The objective here was to study the association of Bisphenol A (BPA) and 11 BPA
analogs in children, using three biological matrices (nails, saliva and urine), and
overweight and obesity (n = 160).
Methods: In this case–control study, 59 overweight/obese children and 101
controls were included. The measuring of Bisphenols in the matrices was carried
out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple
quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Logistic regression
was used to study the association between overweight/obesity and Bisphenol
exposure.
Results: The results suggested that BPF in nails is associated with overweight/
obesity in children (OR:4.87; p = 0.020). In saliva, however, the highest detected
concentrations of BPAF presented an inverse association (OR: 0.06; p = 0.010)
with overweight/obesity. No associations of statistical significance were detected
between exposure to BPA or its other analogs and overweight/obesity in any of
the biological matrices.FEDER-Consejería de Salud y Familias’ of the Junta de Andalucía PE-0250-201
Bisphenol A Analogues in Food and Their Hormonal and Obesogenic Effects: A Review
Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most well-known compound from the bisphenol family. As BPA
has recently come under pressure, it is being replaced by compounds very similar in structure, but
data on the occurrence of these BPA analogues in food and human matrices are limited. The main
objective of this work was to investigate human exposure to BPA and analogues and the associated
health effects. We performed a literature review of the available research made in humans, in in vivo
and in vitro tests. The findings support the idea that exposure to BPA analogues may have an impact
on human health, especially in terms of obesity and other adverse health effects in children.This research was funded by Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2013-2016 Proyecto cofinanciado
FEDER-ISCIII PI17/01758 and by Fundación Mapfre MAPFRE2018
Factors Associated with Exposure to Dietary Bisphenols in Adolescents
Obesogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogue
bisphenol S (BPS), seem to play an important role in the development of obesity, although contradictory results have been reported. The aim of the present study was to conduct a gender analysis of
the factors associated with exposure to dietary bisphenols in 585 Spanish adolescents. Dietary BPA
and BPS exposure was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Foods and macronutrients
accounting for more than 95% of energy intake were selected for analysis. Stepwise regression
was used to estimate the foods that most contributed to dietary bisphenol exposure in the sample.
Gender-related factors associated with greater dietary bisphenol exposure were evaluated using
multivariate logistic regression models. Canned tuna was the main dietary source of BPA and BPS
in both adolescent boys and girls. Overweight/obese girls showed a higher risk of high dietary
exposure to BPA (odds ratio (OR): 3.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–9.07) and total bisphenols
(OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.03–7.67) in comparison with girls with a BMI lower than 25 kg/m2
. Present
results indicate a positive association of dietary exposure to both total bisphenols and BPA with
being overweight/obese in adolescent girls.GP/EFSA/ENCO/380 2018/03/G04: OBEMIRISK: Knowledge platform for assessing the risk of bisphenol on gut microbiota and its role in
obesogenic phenotypes: looking for biomarkers’ frameworkPlan
Estatal de I + D + I 2013–2016FEDER-ISCIII PI17/01758FEDER-Consejería
de Salud y FamiliasJunta de Andalucía PE-0250–2019FEDER-Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de
Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades/ Proyecto P18-RT-4247Fundación Mapfre MAPFRE201
Diverse Large HIV-1 Non-subtype B Clusters Are Spreading Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Spain
In Western Europe, the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is dominated by subtype B. However, recently, other genetic forms have been reported to circulate in this population, as evidenced by their grouping in clusters predominantly comprising European individuals. Here we describe four large HIV-1 non-subtype B clusters spreading among MSM in Spain. Samples were collected in 9 regions. A pol fragment was amplified from plasma RNA or blood-extracted DNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood, including database sequences of the same genetic forms as the identified clusters. Times and locations of the most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of clusters were estimated with a Bayesian method. Five large non-subtype B clusters associated with MSM were identified. The largest one, of F1 subtype, was reported previously. The other four were of CRF02_AG (CRF02_1; n = 115) and subtypes A1 (A1_1; n = 66), F1 (F1_3; n = 36), and C (C_7; n = 17). Most individuals belonging to them had been diagnosed of HIV-1 infection in the last 10 years. Each cluster comprised viruses from 3 to 8 Spanish regions and also comprised or was related to viruses from other countries: CRF02_1 comprised a Japanese subcluster and viruses from 8 other countries from Western Europe, Asia, and South America; A1_1 comprised viruses from Portugal, United Kingom, and United States, and was related to the A1 strain circulating in Greece, Albania and Cyprus; F1_3 was related to viruses from Romania; and C_7 comprised viruses from Portugal and was related to a virus from Mozambique. A subcluster within CRF02_1 was associated with heterosexual transmission. Near full-length genomes of each cluster were of uniform genetic form. Times of MRCAs of CRF02_1, A1_1, F1_3, and C_7 were estimated around 1986, 1989, 2013, and 1983, respectively. MRCA locations for CRF02_1 and A1_1 were uncertain (however initial expansions in Spain in Madrid and Vigo, respectively, were estimated) and were most probable in Bilbao, Spain, for F1_3 and Portugal for C_7. These results show that the HIV-1 epidemic among MSM in Spain is becoming increasingly diverse through the expansion of diverse non-subtype B clusters, comprising or related to viruses circulating in other countries