Radical chemistry and ozone production at a UK coastal receptor site

OH, HO2, total and partially speciated RO2, and OH reactivity (kOH′) were measured during the July 2015 ICOZA (Integrated Chemistry of OZone in the Atmosphere) project that took place at a coastal site in north Norfolk, UK. Maximum measured daily OH, HO2 and total RO2 radical concentrations were in the range 2.6–17 × 106, 0.75–4.2 × 108 and 2.3–8.0 × 108 molec. cm−3, respectively. kOH′ ranged from 1.7 to 17.6 s−1, with a median value of 4.7 s−1. ICOZA data were split by wind direction to assess differences in the radical chemistry between air that had passed over the North Sea (NW–SE sectors) and that over major urban conurbations such as London (SW sector). A box model using the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.3.1) was in reasonable agreement with the OH measurements, but it overpredicted HO2 observations in NW–SE air in the afternoon by a factor of ∼ 2–3, although slightly better agreement was found for HO2 in SW air (factor of ∼ 1.4–2.0 underprediction). The box model severely underpredicted total RO2 observations in both NW–SE and SW air by factors of ∼ 8–9 on average. Measured radical and kOH′ levels and measurement–model ratios displayed strong dependences on NO mixing ratios, with the results suggesting that peroxy radical chemistry is not well understood under high-NOx conditions. The simultaneous measurement of OH, HO2, total RO2 and kOH′ was used to derive experimental (i.e. observationally determined) budgets for all radical species as well as total ROx (i.e. OH + HO2 + RO2). In NW–SE air, the ROx budget could be closed during the daytime within experimental uncertainty, but the rate of OH destruction exceeded the rate of OH production, and the rate of HO2 production greatly exceeded the rate of HO2 destruction, while the opposite was true for RO2. In SW air, the ROx budget analysis indicated missing daytime ROx sources, but the OH budget was balanced, and the same imbalances were found with the HO2 and RO2 budgets as in NW–SE air. For HO2 and RO2, the budget imbalances were most severe at high-NO mixing ratios, and the best agreement between HO2 and RO2 rates of production and destruction rates was found when the RO2 + NO rate coefficient was reduced by a factor of 5. A photostationary-steady-state (PSS) calculation underpredicted daytime OH in NW–SE air by ∼ 35 %, whereas agreement (∼ 15 %) was found within instrumental uncertainty (∼ 26 % at 2σ) in SW air. The rate of in situ ozone production (P(Ox)) was calculated from observations of ROx, NO and NO2 and compared to that calculated from MCM-modelled radical concentrations. The MCM-calculated P(Ox) significantly underpredicted the measurement-calculated P(Ox) in the morning, and the degree of underprediction was found to scale with NO

The emotional responses of victims of cyberbullying: Worry and indifference

Background: Research has shown that the specific emotional consequences of bullying for victims are different depending on the type of bullying that they experience and certain personal characteristics of the victims. Some victims are negatively affected, whereas others report indifference. The specific factors involved in these responses are not yet clear. Aims: The study analysed the emotional consequences of cyberbullying for victims. It examined the relationship between background variables (age and gender), victimisation variables (duration of aggression and victim role, victim vs. bully/victim), individual variables (peer self-esteem, perceived support of parents and friends, and coping strategies used) and the different profiles of emotional consequences. Sample: Participants were 1671 students (48.7% girls) aged 12 to 17 years from the 1st and 3rd year of Compulsory Secondary School and the 1st year of High School from schools in Córdoba (Spain). From this sample, 70 were identified as cyber mobile phone victims and 124 as cyber internet victims. Method: A self-report instrument, the DAPHNE Questionnaire (Genta et al., 2012), was used. The questionnaire pack included some pre-existing questionnaires and some new items on the key variables of interest, plus demographic information. Results: Variables that helped to predict the emotional consequences of cyberbullying for victims included: gender, peer self-esteem, parental support and loneliness with friends for cyberbullying via mobile phone and only peer self-esteem for cyberbullying via the internet. In addition, some coping strategies were different according to the emotional profile of the victim for both kinds of cyberbullying. Conclusions: Results suggest that the emotional impact of cyberbullying on the victim depends on some individual variables but also on the type of cyberbullying. The interpretation that a person makes about the cyberbullying that they experience may be important in determining the emotional consequences suffered. Further research is required to disentangle factors that could help pupils avoid the potentially negative emotional consequences of cyberbullying

The Influence of Gender and Resource Holding Potential on Aggressive and Prosocial Resource Control Strategy Choice in Early Childhood

Through the lens of resource control and resource holding potential theory, an investigation was conducted into the effect of resource opponent characteristics on frequency of aggressive and prosocial resource control strategy selection in 4–5-year-old boys and girls. Children (N = 92; 4–5 years old) were asked how they would respond to 12 hypothetical resource holding potential (RHP) vignettes, in which resource control opponents varied in ‘toughness,’ ‘physical size’ and whether or not they were accompanied by friends. Girls gave significantly more prosocial responses to the vignettes than boys, and boys provided significantly more coercive responses compared to girls with some differences with age. Prosocial vignette responses were given significantly more frequently when the opponent was ‘not very tough’ as opposed to when they were ‘very tough.’ Findings suggest that both boys and girls utilise some form of discrimination when deciding on how to respond to resource competition scenarios and that there are some age and gender differences in their reported response strategies. Findings are discussed in terms of resource control and RHP theory. Future study should investigate whether such differences translate into real-world observed resource control behaviour. © Copyright © 2020 Roberts, Monks and Tsermentseli

Características estruturais de milheto sob pastejo rotativo com diferentes períodos de descanso Structural characteristics of pearl millet under rotational grazing with different rest periods

Com o objetivo de determinar o período de descanso (PD) ideal para a pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.), realizou-se um experimento em delineamento completamente ao acaso, com três períodos de descanso (tempos necessários para expansão completa de 1,5 a 2; 2,5 a 3; ou 3,5 a 4 novas folhas), cada um com quatro repetições de área (potreiros). Foram avaliados o número de folhas vivas/perfilho (NFV), o comprimento final da lâmina (CFL), a relação lâmina/bainha e colmo (L/B+C) e a densidade de perfilhos basilares (DPB) e aéreos (DPA). A maior densidade de perfilhos basais, o maior número de folhas vivas e a maior relação lâmina/bainha+colmo no menor período de descanso determinaram maior participação de lâminas verdes no dossel da pastagem e as melhores características estruturais para produção de forragem.<br>This work used the necessary time (days) for a completely elongation of new leaves, i.e., 1.5-2.0; 2.5-3.0 and 3.5-4.0 new leaves completely elongated in order to determine the rest period (RP) between grazing in Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R. Br.). The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with four replications (paddocks). Evaluations were performed for: number of live leaves/tiller (NAL); final length blade (FLB); blade/sheath and culm ratio (B/S+C); basal tiller density (BTD) and aerial tiller density (ATD). The higher BTD; NAL and B/S+C ratio observed in the shortest rest period determined the high quantity of green blades in the pasture sward and consequently the best structural characteristics from the forage point of view