Studies on the accumulation of secondary metabolites in bioreactor cultures of selected species of the genus Ruta

W niniejszej pracy prowadzono badania nad kulturami in vitro gatunków Ruta corsica, Ruta macrophylla i Ruta montana w bioreaktorach typu Plantform®. Celem badań była ocena wpływu czasu prowadzenia hodowli (5 i 6 tygodni) oraz roślinnych regulatorów wzrostu i rozwoju (auksyny: NAA, cytokininy: BAP) w stężeniach: 0,1/0,1, 0,1/0,5, 0,5/0,5, 0,5/1,0 i 1,0/1,0 mg/l na przyrost biomasy i akumulację metabolitów wtórnych w badanych gatunkach. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy HPLC sporządzonych ekstraktów metanolowych wykazano obecność związków z grupy kumaryn, alkaloidów i katechin. Wykonano oznaczenia jakościowe i ilościowe następujących związków: katechina, psoralen, ksantotoksyna, bergapten, ostol, izopimpinelina, izoimperatoryna, γ-fagaryna, skimianina i izopentyloksy-γ-fagaryna. Głównymi metabolitami wtórnymi w każdym z badanych gatunków były kumaryny (maksymalna całkowita zawartość 2046,799 mg/100 g s.m. w kulturach R. montana), a wśród nich dominującymi związkami były ksantotoksyna, psoralen i bergapten. Najwyższą zawartość alkaloidów udokumentowano w kulturach R. corsica (656,917 mg/100 g s.m.). Najbardziej korzystnymi parametrami do akumulacji kumaryn i alkaloidów w kulturach bioreaktorowych badanych gatunków ruty, okazały się cykl hodowlany 5 tygodni oraz podłoże LS NAA/BAP 0,1/0,1 mg/l. Największy przyrost biomasy wszystkich gatunków wystąpił na podłożu LS NAA/BAP 0,5/0,5 mg/l.In the present study, in vitro cultures of Ruta corsica, Ruta macrophylla and Ruta montana were conducted in Plantform® bioreactors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of growth cycle (5 and 6 weeks) and plant growth regulators (auxine: NAA, cytokinine: BAP) at concentrations: 0.1/0.1, 0.1/0.5, 0.5/0.5, 0.5/1.0 and 1.0/1.0 mg/l on biomass growth and secondary metabolites accumulation in the studied species. HPLC analysis of the prepared methanolic extracts revealed the presence of compounds from the coumarin, alkaloid and catechin groups. The qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted for following metabolites: catechin, psoralen, xanthotoxin, bergapten, osthole, isopimpinellin, isoimperatorin, γ-fagarine, skimmianine and isopentylloxy-γ-fagarine. Coumarins were the main secondary metabolites in each species studied (maximum total content 2046.799 mg/100 g d.m. in R. montana cultures), and among them xanthotoxin, psoralen and bergapten were the dominant ones. The highest alkaloid content was documented in R. corsica cultures (656.917 mg/100 g d.m.). The best parameters for the accumulation of coumarins and alkaloids in ruta cultures were: growth cycle 5 weeks and LS NAA/BAP 0.1/0.1 mg/l medium. The greatest increase in biomass of all species occurred on LS NAA/BAP 0.5/0.5 mg/l medium

Therapeutic Potential of Fungal Terpenes and Terpenoids: Application in Skin Diseases

Terpenes and their derivatives comprise a diverse group of natural compounds with versatile medicinal properties. This article elucidates the general characteristics of fungal terpenes and terpenoids, encompassing their structure and biogenesis. The focal point of this work involves a comprehensive overview of these compounds, highlighting their therapeutic properties, mechanisms of action, and potential applications in treating specific skin conditions. Numerous isolated terpenes and terpenoids have demonstrated noteworthy anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects, rivalling or surpassing the efficacy of currently employed treatments for inflammation or skin infections. Due to their well-documented antioxidant and anti-cancer attributes, these compounds exhibit promise in both preventing and treating skin cancer. Terpenes and terpenoids sourced from fungi display the capability to inhibit tyrosinase, suggesting potential applications in addressing skin pigmentation disorders and cancers linked to melanogenesis dysfunctions. This paper further disseminates the findings of clinical and in vivo research on fungal terpenes and terpenoids conducted thus far

A Review of Chemical Composition and Bioactivity Studies of the Most Promising Species of <i>Ganoderma</i> spp.

This paper presents the current state of knowledge on the biological activity and possible medicinal applications of selected species of the genus Ganoderma: Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Ganoderma carnosum Pat., Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Ganoderma pfeifferi Bres., Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. These inedible, wood-decaying fungi are pathogens that cause the enzymatic decomposition of wood. They are a valued natural medicinal resource and have been used in traditional Far Eastern medicine for centuries. Research conducted on these species using modern analytical methods has led to advances in knowledge of the potential therapeutic use of compounds isolated not only from basidiocarps but also from biomass obtained by in vitro methods. Recent pharmacological studies have confirmed the known traditional uses of these species, elucidated previously unknown mechanisms of biological action, and found evidence of new biological activities, such as anticancer, cytotoxic, antiallergic, and neuroprotective activities. Furthermore, the article updated the state of knowledge on the general mycological characteristics of these species

Natural Compounds of Fungal Origin with Antimicrobial Activity—Potential Cosmetics Applications

The phenomenon of drug resistance in micro-organisms necessitates the search for new compounds capable of combating them. Fungi emerge as a promising source of such compounds as they produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with bacteriostatic or fungistatic activity. These compounds can serve as alternatives for commonly used antibiotics. Furthermore, fungi also accumulate compounds with antiviral activity. This review focuses on filamentous fungi and macrofungi as sources of antimicrobial compounds. The article describes both individual isolated compounds and extracts that exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. These compounds are produced by the fruiting bodies and mycelium, as well as the biomass of mycelial cultures. Additionally, this review characterizes the chemical compounds extracted from mushrooms used in the realm of cosmetology; specifically, their antimicrobial activity

Studies on the Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites and Evaluation of Biological Activity of In Vitro Cultures of <i>Ruta montana</i> L. in Temporary Immersion Bioreactors

The present work focuses on in vitro cultures of Ruta montana L. in temporary immersion PlantformTM bioreactors. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of cultivation time (5 and 6 weeks) and different concentrations (0.1–1.0 mg/L) of plant growth and development regulators (NAA and BAP) on the increase in biomass and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Consequently, the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm potentials of methanol extracts obtained from the in vitro-cultured biomass of R. montana were evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to characterize furanocoumarins, furoquinoline alkaloids, phenolic acids, and catechins. The major secondary metabolites in R. montana cultures were coumarins (maximum total content of 1824.3 mg/100 g DM), and the dominant compounds among them were xanthotoxin and bergapten. The maximum content of alkaloids was 561.7 mg/100 g DM. Concerning the antioxidant activity, the extract obtained from the biomass grown on the 0.1/0.1 LS medium variant, with an IC50 0.90 ± 0.03 mg/mL, showed the best chelating ability among the extracts, while the 0.1/0.1 and 0.5/1.0 LS media variants showed the best antibacterial (MIC range 125–500 µg/mL) and antibiofilm activity against resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains