Chronogram resulting from analysis of data set 1 (mainly <i>Macaranga</i> and a small sample of <i>Mallotus</i>) using BEAST.

<p>The three calibration points are indicated with their estimated mean age (circles with numbers). Node bars show the 95% Height of the Posterior Density interval. <i>Hancea</i> and <i>Blumeodendron</i> were used as outgroups.</p

Dated Phylogenies of the Sister Genera <i>Macaranga</i> and <i>Mallotus</i> (Euphorbiaceae): Congruence in Historical Biogeographic Patterns?

<div><p>Molecular phylogenies and estimates of divergence times within the sister genera <i>Macaranga</i> and <i>Mallotus</i> were estimated using Bayesian relaxed clock analyses of two generic data sets, one per genus. Both data sets were based on different molecular markers and largely different samples. Per genus three calibration points were utilised. The basal calibration point (crown node of all taxa used) was taken from literature and used for both taxa. The other three calibrations were based on fossils of which two were used per genus. We compared patterns of dispersal and diversification in <i>Macaranga</i> and <i>Mallotus</i> using ancestral area reconstruction in RASP (S-DIVA option) and contrasted our results with biogeographical and geological records to assess accuracy of inferred age estimates. A check of the fossil calibration point showed that the Japanese fossil, used for dating the divergence of <i>Mallotus</i>, probably had to be attached to a lower node, the stem node of all pioneer species, but even then the divergence time was still younger than the estimated age of the fossil. The African (only used in the <i>Macaranga</i> data set) and New Zealand fossils (used for both genera) seemed reliably placed. Our results are in line with existing geological data and the presence of stepping stones that provided dispersal pathways from Borneo to New Guinea-Australia, from Borneo to mainland Asia and additionally at least once to Africa and Madagascar via land and back to India via Indian Ocean island chains. The two genera show congruence in dispersal patterns, which corroborate divergence time estimates, although the overall mode and tempo of dispersal and diversification differ significantly as shown by distribution patterns of extant species.</p></div

Plot of Lineages Through Time (LTT) for <i>Macaranga</i>.

<p>Empirical curves (black line) and simulated curves (unbroken blue line) are shown with 95% confidence intervals (dashed blue lines) for the sampled ingroup clade. The constant rate model is rejected when the empirical curve falls outside the 95% confidence interval.</p

Chronogram resulting from analysis of data set 2 (a large sample of <i>Mallotus</i>) using BEAST.

<p>The three calibration points are indicated with their estimated mean age (circles with numbers). Node bars show the 95% Height of the Posterior Density interval. <i>Hancea</i> and <i>Blumeodendron</i> were used as outgroups.</p

Nodes in the <i>Macaranga</i> phylogeny with their estimated mean ages, their variation (95% highest posterior density interval, HPD) and S-DIVA area optimisations with marginal probabilities (MP), in bold selected ones when various area combinations had the same MP.

<p>Nodes in the <i>Macaranga</i> phylogeny with their estimated mean ages, their variation (95% highest posterior density interval, HPD) and S-DIVA area optimisations with marginal probabilities (MP), in bold selected ones when various area combinations had the same MP.</p

Nodes in the <i>Mallotus</i> phylogeny with their estimated mean ages, their variation (95% highest posterior density interval, HPD) and S-DIVA area optimisations with marginal probabilities (MP), in bold selected ones when various area combinations had the same MP.

<p>Nodes in the <i>Mallotus</i> phylogeny with their estimated mean ages, their variation (95% highest posterior density interval, HPD) and S-DIVA area optimisations with marginal probabilities (MP), in bold selected ones when various area combinations had the same MP.</p

Simultaneous dispersal events in the genera <i>Macaranga</i> and <i>Mallotus</i>.

<p>Simultaneous dispersal events in the genera <i>Macaranga</i> and <i>Mallotus</i>.</p

Plot of Lineages Through Time (LTT) for <i>Mallotus</i>.

<p>The empirical (black line) and simulated curves (unbroken red line) are shown with 95% confidence intervals (dashed red lines) for the sampled ingroup clade. The constant rate model is rejected when the empirical curve falls outside the 95% confidence interval.</p

RASP analysis showing the most likely area optimizations for nodes on the molecular phylogeny for <i>Mallotus</i> (data set 2).

<p>Area nomenclature follows <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085713#pone-0085713-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>.</p

RASP analysis showing the most likely area optimizations for nodes on the molecular phylogeny for <i>Macaranga</i> (data set 1).

<p>Area nomenclature follows <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085713#pone-0085713-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>.</p