The damselfish <i>P. amboinensis</i>.

<p>(a) Sexually mature male without the eyespot and (b) sexually mature male still retaining the typically juvenile eyespot on the dorsal fin [indicated by the white arrow].</p

Mean age in days of <i>P. amboinensis</i> belonging to different age and gender groups without eyespot (<i>diamonds</i>; N-values = 21 males & 36 females) and with eyespot (<i>circles</i>; N-values = 9 males & 14 females).

<p>Error bars indicate 95% CI. Letters indicate significant differences based on post-hoc Tukey’s HSD tests.</p

Comparison of the body shape of <i>P. amboinensis</i> belonging to different age and gender groups.

<p>Results of a canonical discriminant analysis are displayed with treatment centroids and 95% confidence clouds plotted together with the direction and importance (as indicated by the length of the vector) of trends in statistically significant shape descriptors.</p

Differences due to treatment overall and to 4 specific effects.

<p><i>Notes:</i> Shown are P-values for significance of effect obtained from a chi-squared test of deviance, AIC values for models with and without the effect, and, if significant, whether specific effects increased or decreased germination at days 6 and 8. Significance at P<0.05 indicated by * and model with lower AIC, which is the preferred model, is indicated by **.</p

Schematic representation of the custom-designed experimental unit (not in scale).

<p>(<b>a</b>) The seal at the base of the central cylindrical box ensured that chilli seeds arranged in a circle around the adult plant were chemically isolated from it. (<b>b</b>) All seeds and adult plants within a replicate unit were housed within 2 different sized square boxes, one inside the other, with the air in between the two boxes removed using a vacuum pump. The whole experimental unit was custom-made in colourless cast acrylic material (ModenGlas), which transmitted 92% of visible light, but was opaque to ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths.</p

Mean final root size of chilli seedlings is affected by the presence and identity of their adult neighbours.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Overall, maximum root length differed significantly depending on the neighbouring plant present in the sealed central box (n = 32 per treatment). Seedlings growing next to adult chilli plants had significantly shorter roots than those in the empty control or growing with the fennel (P = 0.015). (<b>b</b>) The presence of a neighbouring fennel during germination and emergence caused an increase in early root development of chilli seedlings when the communication channels are blocked, but not when unblocked (light grey bars) (F masked > F open and Control masked; P = 0.027; n = 80 per treatment). Differences disappeared when seedlings were allowed to grow away from a fennel plant (dark grey bars) (P = 0.94; n = 80 per treatment). Error bars indicate standard errors.</p

Seasonal gender ratios of <i>Octopus cyanea</i>.

<p>Seasonal gender ratios in Ningaloo <i>Octopus cyanea</i> population.</p

Growth and life cycle of <i>Octopus cyanea</i>.

<p>Weight at age fitted with a power growth trajectory showing summarised life cycle of <i>Octopus cyanea</i> (n = 102) including proposed age at settlement, sexual maturity for each gender and maximum age in days. The 30 d settlement estimate is based on an abrupt change in the spacing of rings bordered by a darker ring in the stylet.</p